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Ohio Xa/ lira list
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EDITORIAL STAFF.
^ John H. Schaffner, Vol. I. Editors-in-Chief Jas. S. Hine, Vol. II.
( F. L. Landacre, Vol. III.
Associate Editors :
Zoology —
F. L. Landacre, Vol. I. II, Jas. S. Hine, Vol. III.
Botany —
F. J. Tyler, Vol. I,
J. H. Schaffner, Vol. II, III. Ccology — J. A. Bownockkr.
Archaeology — W. C. Mills.
Orn ith ology —
R. F. Griggs, Vol. I, Max Morse, Vol. II, III. Ecology —
F. J. Tyler, Vol. II.
O. E. Jennings, Vol. Ill
Advisory Board :
Prof. W. A. Kellerman, Ph. I). Prof. Herbert Osborn, M. Sc. Department of Botany. Department of Zoology.
Prof. J. A. Bownocker. D. Sc.
Department of Geology.
LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL
VOLUMES I, II and III.
NOVEMBER, 1900.— JUNE 1903.
Columbus, Ohio:
PUBLISHED BY
The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. 1900-1903.
INDEX TO VOLUMES I, II and III.
LIBRAS NEW YORK
botanical
GARDEN.
Aecidium album, 161
impatientis, 136 peckii, 206 porosum, 136 satnbuci, 136 Agromyza setosa, 169 Agrostemma gitliago, Embrj-ology of, 365
Akronia frontosa, 113 Algae, List of Ohio, 222
Sandusky Bay, 317 Algological Survey of Ohio, 219 Allognosta fuscitarsis, 112
obscuriventris, 112 Alophora, 229 Ampelopsis cordata, 2 Amphiscepa bivittata, 354 Announcement, 1,131 Anthropology, Prehistoric, 336 Ant-lion, 88
Aphrophora, Larvae and Food- habits, 122
Aspidiotus glanduliferus, 287 Aster, The White-heath, 18 Atavism in the Water-melon, 370 Athysanus acuminatus, 256 alpinus, 238 anthracinus, 241 arctostaphyli, 243 artemisije, 256 bicolor, 251 comma, 246 colon, 247 curtisii, 251 dentatus, 244 exitiosus, 234 extrusus, 237 frigidus, 233 gammaroides, 256 litigiosus, 256 magnus, 233 mexicanus, 254 obsoletus, 239 obtutus, 252 ornatus, 256 osborni, 249 parallelus, 235 plutonius, 240 sexvittatus, 247 striatulus, 242 striolus, 235 symphoricarpte, 241 simplarias, 249 texanus, 248 vaccinii, 242 varus, 239
Batrachia in O. S. U. Museum, 114 Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio, 360
Baum Village Site, 4 Beeches, Grove of, 76 Bibio albipennis, 170 Biologoical Club, 27, 66, 78, 105, 117, 129, 145, 147, 192,' 214, 230, 262, 295, 322, 362, 378, 402 Biology, Scope of Modern, 147 Bird-migrations, 374 Birds, Additions to Ohio, 289
Autumnal Song Season, 374 Cedar Point, 91, 143 O. S. U. Campus, 40 Summer, Lake Erie’s Islands, 281
Bittacus occidentis, 191 Botanical Correspondence, 159, 188, 213
Literature, 63 Terms, Use of some Com- mon, 215
Botany in Ohio Schools, 72 Bryozoans of Sandusky Bay, 96 Bythoscopidae, Food-plants of, 397 Callosamia promethea, 116 Campus Birds, O. S. U., 40 Change of Name of Ohio Naturalist, 48
Cheiloneurus swezeyi, 446 Chionaspis gleditsiae, 413 Chrysochroma nigricornis, 114 Clirysopila ornata, 170 Cigarette-beetle in Columbus, 330 Cintractia reiliana, 10, 258 sorghi, 137
-vulgaris, 10
Claytonia virginica, Embryologv of .34?
Climatic Conditions of Ohio, 339,
403
Cleavage-planes, Formation of in Woody Plants, 327 Climbing Plants, 197 Cocklebur, Sprouting of Seeds of, 69
Coleoptera, Cuyahoga Co., 193 Colpocephalum kelloggi, 175 laticeps, 203 pectinatum, 201 spinulosum var minor, 203
Commellus, 245 Compass-plants, 333 Conosanus, 236
Index to Volumes I, II and III.
Corning Oil and Gas Fields, 49 Criorhina umbratilis, 229 Dandelion, 334 Deltocephalus inimicus, 226 Desmids of Kansas. 100 Discelium nudum, 361 Doeophorus barbatus, 201 Donations, 1S1, 191, 200, 296 Dragon-flies of Sandusky, 94 Dragon-flies taken in a week, 13 Dry in us ormenidis, 444 Eagle Nests, 90
Entomological Notes and Reviews, 377
Stud}-, Helps in, 740 Erebus odora, 133 Erigeron philadelphicus, 11S Etiolation Studies, 415 Euparyphus major, 112 Ferns, Adaptibility in, 358 Fishes, Salem, Ohio, 165 Flamingo, Feeding Habits, 17 Flora, Additions to Ohio, 15
Little Chicken Island, 331 Sandusky, 82, 97
Food-habits of Aphrophora Larva, 122
Foot-prints in Sand, S6
Fulgoridae, 354
Fungi, Ohio, 135, 161, 205
Galls and Insects Producing Them,
263
Apical Bud, 272 Literature on, 274 of Aphididae, 265 of Cecidomyidae, 267 of Cynipidae, 267 of Leaves, 263 of Phytoptidae, 264 Geoplrilous Plants, 21, J32 Gloeosporium equiseti, 206 Gomphus furcifer, 61 villosipes, 61 viridifrons, 60 Gonatopus bicolor, 447 Gymuoconia interstitialis, 206, 207 Gvmnosporangium clavipes, 207 macropus, 207
Height of Plants, Maximum, 39, 142,
3 1 9 . .
Heliantlnis maximiliant, 47 kellermani, 181
Hemiptera Collected in the Vicinity of Bellaire, 1 1
Hermit Thrush, Song of, 371 Heteroptera, 12 Homoptera, 1 1
Honey-bee, Variation of the Wing,
1 19
Idiocerus, 399
Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, Review, 223 Producing Galls, 263 Ivy and Ivy- poisoning, 227 Labeo longitarsis 447 Labeo typhlocybae, 445 Lake Laboratory, O. S. U., Oppor- tunities for Study at, 364 Lake Laboratory, O. S. U., 79 Lampsilis ventricosus, 320 Lappula virginiana, 179 Leaf-hoppers, 224 Liburnia lutulenta, 444 Lipeurus marginalis, 176 Lotus corniculatus, 48 Macropsis, 397
Mallophagan Records and Descrip- tions, 175, 201 Mantispa interruta, 190 IMareca penelope, 289 Maximum Height of Plants, 39, 142, 3i9
Melampsora populina, 207 Menopon alternatum, 175 Microscopic Plants, Collecting and Preserving, 16
Mollusca, Tuscarawas Co., 286 Mosses, Illustrative Samples, 102 Moulds Injurious to Foods, 288 Mycological Club, 400 Myriopods from Vinton, Ohio, 187 Natrix fasciata fasciata, 183 Nemotelus pallipes, 228 Oaks, Hybrid, 99
Odonata of Ohio, Additions and Cor- rections, 13
Ohio State Academy of Science, 48,
156
Oil and Gas, Corning Field, 49 Opuntia, Sprouting Flower-buds, 71 Winter Adaptation of, 11S Ormenis septentrionalis, 355, 444 Osars, Possible Cause of, 257 Pacliygaster maculicornis, 228 Passalus cornutus, Muscular and Skeletal Elements of, 299 Pavoncella pugnax, 156 Peditia, 416
magnifica, 417 Pediopsis, 398
Periodical Cicada, Variation in, 323 Petioles of Cottonwood, 2S Peronospora arthuri, 13S Phenacoecus osborni, 284 Phorantha bridwelli, 229 Phyllostycta asiminse, 138 alcides, 223, 262
Index to Volumes /, II and III:
Physostomum diffusiun, 204 hastatum, 203 Piggotia fraxini. 20S Plant Names Commerative of Ohio Botanists, 33
Plant Remains, Baum Village, 70 Plant Study at Sandusky, 93 Plants, Additions to Ohio, 15, 59, 1 21, 157. 279 Climbing, 197
Collecting and Preserving Microscopic, 16 Geoph.il ous of Ohio, 21 Growing on Boulder, 362 of Western Lake Erie, 166 Preserving Box for, 12S Rosette of Ohio, 290 Trailing and Cieeping of Ohio, 261
with Contractile Roots, 410 with Dissected Leaves, 314 Polystictus molliusculus, 208 Porto Rico, Travels in, 162 Promethea Moth, 116 Pucci nia angustata, 20S asparagi, 208 caricina, 209 circaete, 209 helianthi, 138, 209 malvacearum, 209 marie- wilsoni, 139 podophylli, 139 smilacis, 46, J39 xanthii, 210 Ouercus acuminata, 47 Reptiles and Batrachians of Ohio,
36°
Reptiles in the O. S. U. Zoological Museum, 126 Rhamnus caroliniana, 76 Rust, Asparagus, 99 Rusts, Notes on, 98 Salamander, An abnormal, 141 Salamanders, Sugar Grove, 164 Salix, Vernation of, 124 Saw-brier, Notes on, 24 Scutellaria parvula ainbigua, 1 S r Seeds, Sprouting of Cockle-bur, 69 Self-pruning of Woody Plants, 29, 17b 327
Septoria podophyllina, 139 Sialis americana, 190 infurata, 190
Smilax glauca, Plconomic and Taxo- nomic notes on, 24 spinulosa, 27
Smut-infection Experiments, 258 Smut of Sorghum, 9, 9S Specularia perfoliata, Pecularities in, 41S
Spelerpes longicaudus, Muscular and Skeletal Elements in, 379 Sponges of Sandusky Bay, 96 Stereum versicolor, 210 Stirellus, 250 Stratiom vidae, 112 Sun-flower, A New, 179 Syndesmon, Notes on, 72, 104, 106
thalictroides, Variation in, 107
Tabanidae, Collecting, 167 Taraxacum erytlirospermum. 76 Tibicen septemdecem, 323 cassini. 323
Trichodectes nasuatis, 178
thoracicus, 17S Trimerotropis maritima, 90 Tropid'a mamillata, 229 Tumble-weeds, 67, 129, J74 Twin Trees, 77 Lrocystis occulata, 210 Uromeces caryophyllinus, 217 euphorbite 21 1 liedysari-paniculati. 212 junci, 212 lespedezae, 21 1 Ustilago hordei, 212 • reiliatia, 9
form foliicola, 9 sorghi, 10 syntherismse, 213 tritici, 213 zeae, 140
Vallisneria spiralis, 439.
Vernation of Salix, 124 Visual Area in Lampsilis ventricosus, 320
Warblers Nesting near Cincinnati, 1S2
Notes on Nesting, 134 Water-melon, Atavism in, 370 Water-snake, 1S3 Wheaton Club, 401 White- heath Aster, Economic Aspect, 18
Williams, Thomas A., Obituary, 4S Work at Sanduskv, Summer 1901, i4t
Zoological Notes, 86
AUTHOR’S INDEX.
Armstrong, Miss Clara, 33
Baird, R. F. , 143
Ball, E. D., 122, 231, 397
Bownocker, J. A., 49
Bubna, Mat., 193
Burglehaus, F. H., 72
Burr, Miss Harriett G., 93, 314, 333- 439
Claassen, Edo., 128, 361, 362, 41S
Cockerell, T. D. A., 287
Colton, G. H., 257
Cook, M. T., 263, 349, 365, 419
Densmore, Ray, 134
Derby, W. J., 374, 401
Dresbach, Miss Mary, 288
Dufour, Miss Alice, 197, 261
Dury, Clias., 1S2
Ellis, J. B., 223
Foulk, 452
Griggs, R. F., 40, 91, 97. 124, 162, 362, 378, 402, 452 Hambleton, J. C., 17
Hine, J. S., 13, 27, 60, 61, 66, 78, 94, 105, 112, 117, 129, 145, 167, 169, 190, 22S, 416
Houghton, H. IF, 379 Jones, Lynds, 281, 289 Jennings, O. E., 258, 322, 339, 403, 452
Kellerman, W. A., 2, 9, 15, 18, 24, 46, 59, 63, 72, 76, 82, 98, 102, 107, 121, 135, 1 57 . 159. 161 , 179. l88> 205, 213, 219, 223, 227, 258, 279, 400 Landacre. F. F., 96, 119, 299, 320 Mastennan, E. E., 69 Mills, W. C., 4. 70, 336 Morse, Max, 1 14, 126, 164, 183, 1S7, 360
Osborn, H., 11, 79, 86, 116, 175, 201, 224, 231, 323, 330, 363, 377
Osburn, R. C., 13
Riddle, Miss L. C., 317, 346
Sanders, J. C. , 284, 413
Schaffner, J. H., 1, 16, 28, 29, 39, 48, 67, 100, 106, 118, 129, 130, 142, 171, 215. 3:9’ 327, 33F 370 Selby, A. D., 415 Simkins, J. D., 334 Smith, T. C., 371. 411 Sterki, V., 71, 2S6 Swezey, O. H., 354, 444 Taylor, J. R., 394
Tyler, F. J., 21, 29, 118, 132, 147, 192, 214, 230, 262, 279, 290, 295 Wells, W. E., 358 Wetzstein, A., 104 Williamson, E. B., 141, 165
THE
Ohio Naturalist
EDITORIAL STAFF.
Editor-in-chief— JOHN 1 1 .
Associate Editors:
'/.oology — F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc.
Botany— V. J. TYLER, B. Sc.
Urology— J. A. BOWXOCKER, 1>. Sc. Archaeology — \V. ('. MILLS, B. Sc Ornithology — R. F. (I RIGGS.
■CHAFFNER, A. M., M. S.
Advisory Board:
Professor W. A. KELLERMAX. Ph. D. Department of Botany.
Professor HERBERT OSBORN. M. Sc. Department of /oology.
Professor J. A. BOWNOCKER, I). Sc. Department of Urology.
VOLUME I.
NOVEMBER, 1900.— JUNE 1901.
WITH TEN PLATES AND TWENTY-FOUR FIGURES IN THE TEXT.
Columbus, Ohio:
RI'BLISHED BY
The Biological Club of the Ohio state University 1900-1901.
Table of Contents
Announcement .* 1
An Ohio Station for Ampelopsis Cordata 2
W. A. Keixerman.
The Baum Prehistoric Village Site 4
\v. C. Muxs.
A Foliicolous Form of Sorghum Smut and Notes on Infection Experi- ments 9
W. A. Keixerman.
A hist of Hemiptera Collected in the Vicinity of Bellaire, 0 11
Herbert Osborn.
Additions and Corrections to the “ Odonata of Ohio” 13
James s. Hike.
Dragonflies Taken in a Week ... * 13
R. C. Osborn and J. S. Hike.
Additions to the Ohio Flora 15
W. A. Keixerman.
Feeding Habits of the Scarlet Flamingo 17
J. C. HAMBI.F.TON.
Aggressive Character and Economic Aspect of the White Heath Aster. . 19 tv. A. Keixerman.
Geophilous Plants of Ohio 21
F. J. Tyler.
Notes Economic and Taxonomic on the Satv Brier, Smilax Glauca 24
tv. A. Keixerman.
Notes on the Self-pruning of Trees 29
John H. Schaffnf.r and Fred. J. Tyler.
Plant Names Commemorative of Ohio Botanists 33
Clara Armstrong.
The Maximum Height of Plants. II 39
John H. Schaffner.
Campus Birds 40
Robert F. Griggs.
Minor Plant Notes No. 1 40
tv. A. Keixerman.
The Corning Oil and Gas Field 49
J. A. Bownocker.
Twelve Additions to the Ohio Plant List 59
tv. A. Keixerman.
A New Species of Gomphus and Its Near Relatives 00
James S. Hine.
A Comparative Study of Gomphus Furcifer and Villosipes. . . 01
James S. IIine.
Notes from Botanical Literature 63
tv. A. KELLERMAN.
Perennial Tumbleweeds 07
John H. Schaffner.
The Sprouting of Cocklebur Seeds 09
Ii. E. Masterman.
Plant Remains from the Baum Village Site 70
W. C. Miles.
Sprouting Flower Buds of Opuntia 71
V. Sterki.
Note on the Involucral Leaves of Syndesmon F. H. BPrglehacs.
Competition in Botany for Ohio Schools
W. A. Kei.lkrman.
Minor Plant Notes No. 2 70
W. A. Kellerman.
The Lake Laboratory 79
Herbert Osborn.
Notes on the Flora of Sandusky 82
W. A. Kellerman.
Zoological Notes 80
Herbert Osborn.
Notes on the Bird Life of Cedar Point 91
Robert F. Griggs.
Plant Study at Sandusky Bay 93
Harriet G. Burr.
Dragonflies of Sandusky 94
James S. Hine.
Sponges and Bryozoans of Sandusky Bay 90
F. L. Landacre.
Additions to the Sandusky Flora 97
Robert F. Griggs.
Minor Plant Notes, No. 3 98
W. A. Kellerman.
A List of Kansas Desmids. v 100
John H. Schaffner.
Mosses; Illustrative Samples 102
\V. A. Kellerman.
Additional Note on the Syndesmon Involucre 104
A. Wetzstein.
Variation in Syndesmon Thalictroides 107
W. A. Kellerman.
Description of New Species of Stratiomyidae with Notes on Others 112
James S. Hine.
Ohio Batrachia in the Zoological Museum of the O. S. U 114
Max Morse.
The Promethea Moth, Callosamia prometliea 116
Herbert Osborn.
A Study in Variation on the Wing of the Honey Bee lit)
F. L. Landacre.
Twelve Plants Additional to the Ohio List lgl
W. A. Kellerman.
The Food Habits of Some Aphrophora Larvae 122
E. D. Ball.
The Vernation of Salix 124
Robert F. Griggs.
Ohio Keptiles in the Ohio State University Zoological Museum 126
Max Morse.
A Preserving Box for Plants 128
Edo C'laassen.
Ohio Tumbleweeds 12!)
John II. Schaffnek.
Meetings of the Biological Club 27, 66, 78, 105, 117, 12!)
Jas. S. Hink, Sic.
News and Notes
16, 28, 48, 106, 118, 130
Index of Authors
. rijistrong, Clara 33
Hall, E. D 122
pownocker, J. A 41)
Purgleliaus, F- H 72
Purr, Harriet G 93
Claassen, Edo 128
Griggs, Robert F 40, 91, 97, 124
Hambleton, J. C 17
Hine, James S 13, 27, 60, 61, 66, 78, 94, 105, 112, 117, 129
Kellerman, W. A.. 2, 9, 15, 18, 24, 46, 59, 63, 72, 76, 82, 98, 102, 107, 121
Landacre, F. L 96, 119
Masterman, E. E 69
Mills,' W. C 4, 70
Morse, Max 114, 126
Osborn, Herbert 11, 79, 86, 116
Osburn, Raymond C 13
Schaffner, John H 1, 16, 28, 29, 39, 48, 67, 100, 106, 118, 129, 130
Sterki, V 71
Tyler, F. J 21, 29, 118
AVetzstein, A 104
THE O. S. U.
naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M„ M. S.
Assciatb Editors :
Zoology — F. L. LANDACRE, B Sc. Botany — F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology— J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology — W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. Ornithology — R. F. GRIGGS.
Advisory Board:
PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany.
PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.
Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology.
Volume I.
November, 1900
Number I
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR
A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological, Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents.
John H. Schaffner, Editor.
F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions.
R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent.
Address
THE O. S. U. NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
THE O. S. U. NATURALIST
CONTENTS
Announcement 1
An Ohio Station for Ampelopsis Cordata 2
W. A. Kellerman
The Baum Prehistoric Village site 4
W. C. Mills
A Foliicolous Form of Sorghum Smut and Notes on Infection
Experiments 9
W. A. Kellerman
A List of Hemiptera Collected in the Vicinity of Bellaire, 0 11
Herbert Osborn
Additions and Corrections to the “Odonata of Ohio.” 13
James S. Hine
Dragonflies Taken in a Week 13
R. C. Osbnrn and J. S. Hine
Additions to the Ohio Flora 15
Collecting and Preserving Microscopic Plants 16
( D . S. U. naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Vol. I. NOVEMBER, 1900. No. J.
ANNOUNCEMENT.
In presenting The O. S. U. Naturaeist to the public, a few words may not be out of place as to the motives and purposes which were instrumental in bringing it into existence. The Biological Club of Ohio State University is composed of professors, instructors and students of the several departments of natural history in the Uni- versity. These departments have been carrying on certain lines of work for some time, and the more important and technical has been reported in various publications. Much of the work, however, which is only of local interest, but still of great value in the development of the natural history of the state, has had no convenient avenue of publication. For this reason it was thought advisable to begin a journal in a modest way in which such material together with other articles might be made available for immediate use.
The idea had been entertained for some time that such a course would be desirable. Several members had expressed themselves in favor of a journal, and Dr. Kellerman had for some years contem- plated the publication of a purely botanical paper which should be devoted largely to the flora of the state. Finally during the spring of 1900 Mr. Tyler and Mr. Griggs, students connected with the club, began to arouse interest in the matter by advocating the founding of a bulletin which should provide a suitable avenue of publication. By a motion of the club, a committee to consider the matter was appointed, consisting of the following members:
Herbert Osborn, John H. Schaffner,
W. A. Kellerman, Max Morse,
F. J. Tyler, R. F. Griggs.
This committee finally agreed upon a plan, which was presented to the club and adopted, with slight modifications, on the 7th of May, 1900. The editors are elected annually by the club, and fol- lowing is the staff for the coming year:
Editor-in-Chief — John H. Schaffner, A. M., M. S.
Associate Editors — Zoology, F. L. Landacre, B. Sc; Botany, F. J. Tyler, B. Sc.; Geology, J. A. Bownocker, D. Sc.; Archaeology, W. C. Mills, B. Sc.; Ornithology, R. F. Griggs.
2
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
Advisory Board — Professor W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Depart- ment of Botany; Professor Herbert Osborn, M. Sc.. Department of Zoology; Professor J. A. Bownocker, D. Sc., Department of Geology.
The Naturalist, while aiming to be strictly scientific and tech- nical in character, will endeavor to be of especial assistance to the teachers and amateur scientists of the state. It is believed that the kind of work contemplated will be of great educational value.
While The Naturalist is to be devoted especially to the inter- ests of the state, other matter which may from time to time be offered, will not be excluded.
In these days, when specialization is the tendency in all branches of knowledge, we think there is still room for the old-fashioned naturalist who was well versed in a number of sciences.
Whatever one’s career may be, we believe that every scientist, and for that matter every person of education, should be a natural- ist first and cultivate a broad general sympathy with nature, and only after that has he a right to become a specialist. No apology need therefore be made for the broad field which The Naturalist is to cultivate, and we present it to the public, earnestly soliciting the cooperation of university and college professors, high school teachers, students, and amateurs in the different branches of natural science; and asking that leniency of judgment which such enter- prises merit when begun under special difficulties. Finally The Naturalist is not intended to be a money-making institution, but it will be improved and enlarged as rapidly as the income from sub- scriptions and other resources will permit.
J. H. S.
AN OHIO STATION FOR AMPELOPSIS CORDATA.
W. A. Kellerman.
(Plate 1.)
While collecting in Scioto County on the 8th of July, 1900, I was fortunate enough to come across an indigenous specimen of Ampe- lopsis cordata. *The station for the plant is on a hillside one mile east of Portsmouth, Ohio. The character of the environment is in- dicated in figure 3, plate 1 ; the plant in question growing on the bank by the roadside at a point immediately above the bicycle in the central part of the picture. The photograph from which the half tone was made shows only a portion of the high hills that border the Ohio river. The soil is clay and not regarded as very fertile. It is generally the case perhaps that this species grows in “ swamps and along river banks,” as stated in the manuals, but the ground here is high and dry.
*Since the MS. for this article was passed to the printer, the locality was again visited and several plants, some of large size, were found further up the hill-side.
1900]
Kellerman — Ampelopsis Cordata
3
The published statements as to the distribution of Ampelopsis cordata are not uniform. Riddell, in his synopsis of the Western Flora, says it occurslin the Alleghany Mountains west to Arkansas. Torrey and Gray, in the Flora of North America, Vol. 1, under the name of Vitis indivisa, give its distribution as Southern States west to Louisiana and Arkansas. Wood using the same name in his class-book, says Southern States to St. Louis. In Gray’s Manual, last edition, the plant is given under the name of Cissus ampelopsis with the statement that it occurs in Virginia to Illinois and South- ward. The occurrence as noted by Britton and Brown in the Illus- trated Flora, makes the species still more decidedly southern, namely, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Prof. Stanley Coulter, in a Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns indigenous to Indiana, published in 1899 in the 24th An- nual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana, says this species occurs “ in the central and southern counties of Indiana in swamps and moist woods.”
In the fifth edition of Gray’s Manual the range of this Ampelop- sis (under the name of Vitis indivisa) was given as “West Virginia, Ohio and southward.” In answer to an inquiry as to what in the Gray Herbarium was perhaps the basis for the reference to the Ohio distribution, Mr. Merritt L. Fernald kindly wrote me as follows : — “ I find in the herbarium a specimen of Cissus ampelopsis marked ‘Ohio’. It is one of t lie old Torrey and Gray specimens and no fur- ther data are given.”
Dr. Millspaugh lists this species as Cissus ampelopsis in the Flora of West Virginia and adds on the authority of Mertz and Guttenberg that it also occurs in Ohio, near Wheeling. Upon in- quiry of Supt. Mertz, I learn that his notes of work upwards of twenty years ago contain no mention of this species at Wheeling- West Virginia, or at Bellaire, Ohio. He further informs me that what was taken for this Ampelopsis at Bellaire was probably Vitis cordifolia, three forms of which were found growing on the islands of the Ohio River near Wheeling. Of these lie adds in a letter to the writer, “ I think we probably decided that one was V. indivisa; but I feel sure that it was not and you are probably the first to find it in Ohio.”
It will be observed that the distribution as noted by Professor Stanley Coulter extends its range still further northward than my Ohio station. It is likely that its occurrence still further northward in Ohio may be detected by assiduous collectors,
I wish to say a word concerning the ornamental character of this native vine. The foliage is bright green and very handsome. A figure of a single leaf is shown in Plate 1, figure 2. This is reduced from aphotograph taken with the leaf itself used as a negative. I have never detected a fungous attack or insect depredation on the leaves.
4
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
The small dull-colored bluish fruits in loose panicles when abund- ant are somewhat ornamental. The vine is a vigorous grower and clings firmly to supports. Figure 4 shows a plant used for orna- mental purposes growing on the south side of the Botanical Build- ing at the Ohio State University. A figure from a still more vigor- ous specimen was shown by Mrs. Kellerman in Vick’s Magazine, January, 1900. This was made from a photograph of a specimen growing at the north porch of a residence in Columbus, Ohio. The same has been reproduced by Dr. Halsted in Bulletin No. 144 of the New Jersey Experiment Station. The species- can be transplanted readily. One of the plants just referred to was dug up in June in Linn County, Kansas, and easily survived its rough treatment. Roots were taken from the Portsmouth plant in July this year and they are now growing and producing stems. We have repeatedly transplanted specimens that were grown from roots and from cut- tings in the green house and always with success.
A word as to the synonomy should perhaps be given. The species was described by Michaux in 1803 under the name of Ampelopsis cordata. Persoon in 1805 proposed the name Cissus ampelopsis for the species. It was unfortunate that he did not retain the specific name, cordata; for there seems to have been no need of discarding that part of its name even if the genus had been originally mis- apprehended. Had he followed the most commendable usage of the modern systematists, he would have published the name in this form : Cissus cordata (Mx.) Pers. In 1811 Wildenow published the name as Vitis indivisa and here as before unnecessarily a new specific name was given. Many authors have regarded the plant as a Vitis rather than an Ampelopsis or a Cissus. We rely, however, on Dr. Britton’s authority and use the name Ampelopsis cordata, relegating the other names to synonomy.
Explanation of Plate 1. — Ampelopsis cordata. Figure 1: A herbarium specimen of
twigs in fruit, from a photograph. Figure 2: A single leaf and tendril after a photograph direct
from the same, reduced by the engraver. Figure 3: View of the station for the indigenous
specimen at Portsmouth, Ohio ; the Ampelopsis is in the center of the picture immediately above the bicycle. Figure 4 : View of a plant growing on the south wall of the Botanical Build-
ing, Ohio State University ; to the right of the door a portion of a Japan Ivy is seen.
THE BAUM PREHISTORIC VILLAGE SITE.
W. C. Mills.
The field work of the Ohio State Archreological and Historical Society was completed August 18. The explorations were a con- tinuance of last year’s work at the Baum Prehistoric Village Site, which is situated in Ross County, Ohio, just across the river from the small village of Bourneville, and is located upon the first gravel terrace of the Paint Creek Valley. The village site surrounds a large pyramidal mound which was examined a number of years ago
O. S. U. Naturalist
Plate 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4.
KELLER M A X ON AMRELORSIS OORDATA
1900]
Mills — Baum Prehistoric Village Site
5
under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington. A complete report of the explorations is found in the 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1890-91. At this time the village site was not explored but it was known to exist, as the following ex- tract from the 12th Annual Report will show: “This mound is
situated upon the edge of the first general bottom of Paint Creek, which though protected by a huge levee is annually inundated. In overflow times the smaller circle of the adjoining enclosure is almost entirely submerged, and the summit of the mound is the only land visible above a broad expanse of water. Around the mound upon all sides, particularly to the east, are traces of former Indian occu- pation. Numerous fragments of pottery similar in fabrication and ornamental feature to those found in the mound bestrew the plowed ground. These were intermingled with the valves of mussel shells, pitted stones, shell disks, human bones, arrowheads, pieces of per- forated stone gorgets, and a large quantity of chipped flint.” Di- rectly north of this village site, about one mile distant is the noted hill top enclosure known as Spruce Hill, which overlooks the valley of Paint Creek for many miles north and south. The hill on which this enclosure is situated is about 500 feet high, and is a long narrow spur projecting from the tableland and extending to the south.
The wall of this enclosure is composed entirely of boulders and broken pieces of sandstone which had been collected along the margin of the summit of the hill. These sandstones are the result of disintregation of the sandstone strata which is near the surface on the hill top. Directly east from the village site, a little more than 1300 feet, is what is known as the Baum works, which was sur- veyed by Squier & Davis in 1846. They described this work as the best preserved, and possessing gateways that are wider than those of any other earth-works found in this valley. They also made a survey of the mound which is situated in this village site and they described it as a large, square, truncated mound, with a base of 120 feet and having a flat top, with an area 50 feet square. The mound at that time being 15 feet high. They also say that quanti- ties of coarse broken pottery were found on and around the mound. Thus it will be seen that the early investigators found pottery surrounding the mound and later explorations by the Smithsonian Institution show that the broken pieces of pottery found on the surface surrounding the mound were very much like the pottery found in the mound and placed with the buried dead therein.
The object of the investigations carried on by the Archaeological and Historical Society is to show the connection between the occu- pants of the prehistoric village and those who built the mound. This has been done by carefully comparing the contents of this village site with the contents of the mound as reported by the
6
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
Smithsonian Institution. So far, all of the pottery and implements of bone, stone, and shell that were buried in this mound, have been duplicated in great numbers from the refuse heaps, burials, and ash pits found in the village. The village entirely surrounds the mound, but on the east it is more extensive and occupies upward of five acres of ground.
The work of examining the village site is very laborious. Every portion or particle of the earth to a depth, on the average, of two and one-half feet is carefully dug over with small hand trowels, and every particle of bone, shell or stone is carefully removed and examined. The contents of the ash pits are screened so that no implements or ornaments may be lost. The whole village site is platted, laid off in sections thirty-six feet square, which square is again laid off into sections four feet square. In this way every find is carefully located upon the map. This year the work was con- ducted east and north-east of the mound. Here the post-molds of their little tepees were found in abundance. Their fire-places usually were placed just outside of the tepees, and their refuse pits near at hand, and near by we found the burials. A series of photographs, showing the manner of burial and the close proximity of the burials to the ash pits and tepees, were carefully made. At one time seven skeletons were exposed within an area of fifteen feet square. Within tb is space two ash pits were found and one row of the post-molds, showing the relation of the little home to the burial ground. The manner of burial is shown by the photographs taken of the seven skeletons exposed at one time, showing that they had no definite manner of placing the bodies, as some were buried at right angles to each other, some were placed at full length, and lying upon the back, while others were placed upon the side; in still other cases the body was evidently doubled up and then buried. A great number of skeletons of babies were found in the ash pits, showing that the already dug ashpit was the most convenient grave for the little one, who was then covered with ashes, consequently the skeletons were perfectly preserved. With a great number of the adult skeletons were found implements of bone, such as awls, hoes, celts, arrow and spear points of stone, beads and ornaments of shell and bone; but with the skeletons of children varying in age from four to twelve years were found the greatest number of ornaments made of shell and hone. In one instance a large gorget made from the marine univalve Strombus gigas about two and one-half inches in diameter, was found upon the skeleton of a child six years of age. In another more than two hundred beads and ornaments of shell and bone were found upon the skeleton of a child not over seven years of age. In another grave a child not over four years of age had buried with it, what at one time was no doubt, a necklace made of elk teeth, per- forated for attachment. In two instances the graves of children
1900]
Mills — Baum Prehistoric Village Site
/
were carefully covered over with slabs of slate. With those children whose graves were carefully covered no implements or ornaments of any sort were placed. Of the sixty-three skeletons found, not a single perfect piece of pottery was found buried with them, differing greatly from the Madisonville Prehistoric Cemetery near Cincinnati, for at the latter cemetery quantities of pottery in their perfect state was found, buried with the skeletons. The pottery, implements and ornaments at Madisonville can be readily duplicated from the village at Paint Creek.
In the ash pits can be found specimens showing the master- pieces of art wrought in stone, bone and shell, representing the civilization which at one time inhabited this village. Of the bone implements, the needle, made from the bones of the deer and elk is most beautiful in design, at the same time showing the skill dis- played in the manufacture of the implements. Some of them are upward of nine inches in length Of the bone specimens perhaps the bead is the commonest. In some pits more than two hundred have been taken out. In these ash pits were also found well wrought specimens of aboriginal fish hooks, also specimens showing the var- ious stages of manufacture of this implement, which differs some- what from the manufacture of those found at Madisonville, a full account of which appears in the 20th Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, by Prof. F. W. Put- nam, in which he fully describes the manufacture of the fish hooks found in the prehistoric village site. In no instance was an unfinished specimen found in the Baum Village which would, in any way, show that a hole was first bored through the bone and the fish hook then wrought from this hole as was shown by Prof. Putnam; on the con- trary a piece of bone was selected and cut into shape representing a small tablet of bone two and one-half inches long by from one-half to three-quarters of an inch broad, with rounded edges at the ends. The center was then cut out by rubbing with a stone on each side. So that two fish hooks were made instead of one from the single piece of bone. A great many perfect scrapers made from the meta- carpal bone of the deer and elk were also found, while almost every pit would contain from one to four broken halves of these scrapers. Specimens were also procured showing the various stages in the manufacture of this implement which resemble very much in every particular those found at Madisonville, and also those found at the village site at Fort Ancient.
The pottery fragments found in these ash pits resemble those found at Madisonville, in the ornamentation by incised lines, imple- ment indentations arranged in figures, and handles ornamented with effigies of birds and animals. Of the shell implements, perhaps the most common is the shell hoe, which is made from the mussel shell Unio p/icatus.
8
O. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
A great number of beads, from one-half to one inch in diameter, made frommussel shells and perforated with from one to three holes, are found. The large gorgets from two to two and one-half inches in diameter are also found. These are invariably perforated with from one to three holes, and are made from a shell foreign to the Paint Creek Valley.
Of the implements and ornaments made of stone, the flint arrow heads are very common. These are mostly made from material brought from flint ridge in Licking County. Grooved axes are also found, the type prevailing is the one having the groove extend en- tirely around. The perforated gorgets of slate are also found, but the most interesting of the stone implements found in the pits are the perforated discoidals. These are all small, varying in diameter from two to three inches, and finely polished.
In the refuse heaps and ash pits were found the bones of the animals used for food, charred corn, hickory nuts, walnuts, butter nuts, acorns, hazel nuts, beans, seeds of the papaw, wild plum, etc. About thirty-five per cent, of the bones taken from these pits were of the Virginia deer. The bones of the black bear, raccoon, elk, ground-hog, wild-cat, muskrat, squirrel, beaver, wild turkey, wild duck, wild goose, trumpeter swan, great horn owl, barred owl, were found in abundance. But perhaps the most interesting of the animal bones found were those of the Indian dog. Skulls and parts of skeletons were taken from the pits in great numbers. Pro- fessor F. W. Putnam, of Harvard University, who has been mak- ing a study of the skulls of the dog taken from the mounds and burial places of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky, New York, and from the great shell heaps in Maine, says that a distinct variety or species of dog was distributed over North America in pre-Columbian times, and by comparison lie finds that the dog found in America is the same variety of dog found in the ancient site of the Swiss Lake dwellers, and also in the ancient tombs of Thebes in Egypt, and claims that the variety of the pre-Columbian dog is apparently identical with the pure breed Scotch collie of today, while Mr. F. A. Lucas, of the U. S. National Museum, describes the dog found in the Baum Village as resembling very much the bull terrier in size and proportion, and states that the same species have been found in the village sites in Texas and the old Puebloes.
1900]
Kellerman — Sorghum Smut
9
A FOLIICOLOUS FORM OF SORGHUM SMUT AND NOTES ON INFECTION EXPERIMENTS.
W. A. Kellerman.
(Plate 2.)
On January 1st, 1900, several pots in the Botanical greenhouse of the Ohio State University were planted to sorghum, Kaffir corn, maize, sweet-corn and pop-corn. The seeds were previously moistened and mixed with a large quantity of head-smut of sorghum taken from smutted sorghum plants also from maize infected with the same fungus. This species was named Ustilcigo reiliana by Kuhn in 1808 from specimens collected in Egypt.
The plants developed rapidly and normally, though the stems were slender and did not reach the normal height. The panicles appeared early and only in a comparatively few cases showed in- fection.
In one case an anomalous specimen appeared, namely, a sweet corn plant with the upper leaves as well as the panicle infected. This form therefore differs from the type in being in part foliicolous and may be designated as Ustilcigo ( Cintractia *) reiliana forma foliicola nov. for. Figures 1 and 2, Plate 2, show the appearance of the infected plant, the one representing an earlier and the other a later stage of the emergence of the smut mass.
It may be remarked further that I have repeatedly tried seed inoculation experiments, mostly in the greenhouse but also occasionally in the field.
In the latter case in the summer of 1900, 1 obtained from a plot of many hundred stalks including field-corn, sweet-corn, pop-corn, sorghum, Kaffir corn and broom corn only three cases of smutted plants. These were of sweet corn, both the tassel and ear being affected. The previous year about the same per cent of successful inoculations were obtained. But in the greenhouse the experiments have uniformally resulted in the production of a considerable number of smutted stalks of sorghum and occasionally an infected plant of maize. These have for the most part been reported in print, the first account appearingin Bulletin No. 23, Kansas Experiment Station, in the year 1891.
I have now growing in the botanical greenhouse three sets of sorghum plants raised from seeds planted January 1, 1898, Janu- ary 1, 1899, and January 1, 1900. Only the plants have been retained which showed successful inoculation experiments. They have been shifted to larger pots from time to time, but the plants make only a
*Mr. G. P. Clinton regards this fungus as a Cintractia rather than an Ustilago.
10
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
stunted growth. The new stalks that appear now and then are in- variably affected, though sometimes one of the panicles, either the one terminating the main stem or one of the side branches may be free from visible smut. It is thus evident that this species of smut is perennial wdiere its host lives from year to year. Figure 3 shows a photograph of one of the plants started in the greenhouse in 1899, its first stem producing an infected panicle. Figure 4 shows a plant grown in 1900, the first or central panicle not exhibiting the smut, but later when panicles from the side branches appeared, they were seen to be smutted.
It seems that another experimenter, whom I will quote, has succeeded scarcely as well. Mr. G. P. Clinton, the assistant Botanist of the Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois, in Bulletin No. 57 (March, 1900) reports as follows: “Apparently from the experi- ments of Kellerman, infection takes place through the germinating seed, though the percent, of infection he produced was rather small. In ’98 field experiments were conducted herewith a view of infect- ing the Orange variety of sorghum with this smut. In one case the seed was mixed with an abundance of spores andjin others these spores were sprayed in water or manure water on the young parts of the plants when about six inches high. In none of the several hun- dred plants that matured was any sign of the smut found. It is very likely that the variety used may have had something to do with the negative results, as it was not the same from which the smut was taken.”
The head-smut of sorghum is not to be confused with another species that occurs on the same host. The one now referred to is a grain-smut, that is, the panicle as a whole is not included, but the individual grains become smutted. This species has been called XJstilago sorg/ii, but Mr. Clinton regards it as a Cintractia, namely, Cintractia sorghi-vulgaris (Tul.) Clint. It is more common than the former, occurring often on sorghum and broom corn.
The head-smut of sorghum, Ustilago or Cintractia reiliana, was first found in this country by Prof. J. T. Willard at Manhattan, Kansas, in 1890, in a plot grown for purposes of chemical investiga- tion. The same year it was detected by Dr. Ha lsted in New Jersey. I found it in Ohio in 1897 and it is now reported for Illinois by Mr. Clinton. In all these cases it occurred only on sorghum, but Prof. Hitchcock has reported it as not uncommon on maize in fields about Man h at tan , Ka i i sas .
Explanation of Plate 2. — Ustilago or Cintractia reiliana. Figure 1 : The foliicolous form occurring on sweet corn, the panicle not yet emerged, but tne smut on upper leaves iu sight. Figure 2: Same as in Figure 1, showing a later stage of maturity. Figure 3: An infected
sorghum plant in the greenhouse, photographed in 1899, the panicle smutted. Figure 4 : An
infected sorghum plant, grown in the greenhouse in 1900, the central panicle sound, the later (side) panicles smutted.
O. 8. r. Naturalist
Plate '1.
) w Lit
Fig. :s.
Fig 4.
KKLLRKMAX OX SOKOIUM SMUT.
i i
J
1900]
Osborn — Hemiptera
11
A LIST OF HEMIPTERA COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF BELLAIRE, OHIO.
Herbert Osborx.
The following record of species represents the collections of Hemiptera made during four days (Aug. 28, Sept. 1,1900) at points within five miles of Bellaire, all on the Ohio side of the river. Wooded hillsides, valleys, creek bottoms and shore and island of the river were worked during a part of each day and as the list in- cludes one hundred and forty-nine species, lit is probably fairly representative for the common species of the season.
HOMOPTERA.
Cicadidce. Cicada tibicen L. One specimen found dead.
Membracidce. Entilia sinuata Fab., Publilia concava Say, Ceresa diceros Say, Ceresa bubalus Fab., Thelia bimaculata Fab., Acutalis calva Say, Vanduzea arcuata Say.
Fulgoridae. Scolops sulcipes Say, Scolopssp., Ormenis pruinosa Say, O. septentrionalis Fab., Amphiscepa bivittataSay, Bruchomor- pha dorsata Fh., B. oculata Newmn., Issus?sp. Pissonotus ater VanD., Stobera tricarinata Say, Stobera sp., Liburnia campestris VanD., L. ornata Stal, Liburnia sp.
Cercopidcr. Lepyronia 4-angularis Say, Clastoptera obtusa Say, C. proteus Fh., C. xanthocephala Germ.
Bythoscopida:. Macropsis apicalis O&B., Agallia sanguinolenta Prov., A. 4-punctata Prov., A. constricta VanD., A. novella Say, Idiocerus pallid us Fh., I. snowi GAB., I. verticis Say.
Tettigonidce. Aulacizes irrorata Fab., Tettigonia bifida Say, T. tripunctata Fh., T. gothica Sign. T. hartii Wdw. (mss), Diedro- cephala coccinea Forst., D. mollipes Say, Helochara communis Fh., Gypona octolineata Say.
Jassidce. Xestocephalus pulicarius VanD., X. tessellatus VanD., Platymetopius acutus Say, P. frontalis VanD., Deltocephalus sayi Fh., D. sylvestris O. A B., D. apicatus Osb., D. weedi VanD., D. ob- tectus O. & B., D. inimicus Say, D. davicosta Stal, D. nigrifrons Forbes, Scaphoideus immistus Say, S. auronitens Prov., S. scalaris VanD., Athysanus curtisii Fh., A. (Limotettix) exitiosa Uhl., Athy- sanella acuticauda Bak., Lonatura catalina O A B., Eutettix semi- nudus Say, Phlepsius irroratus Say, P. decorus O. & B., Thamnotet- tix clitellarius Say, Chlorotettix unicolor Fh., C. galbanata VanD., Jassus olitorius Say, Cicadula 6-notata Fall., C. punctifrons Fall., Gnathodus punctatus Thunb., G. abdominalis VanD., Empoasca smaragdula Fall., E. obtusa trifasciata Gill., E. mali LeB., Dicra- neura fiavipennis Fab., Typhlocyba comes vitis Harr., T. comes
12
O. S. U. Naturalist
[Nov.
basilaris Say, T. conies comes Say, T. e. ziczac Walsh, T. obliqua Say, T. vulnerata Say, T. tricinta Fh., T, trifascaita Say, T. querci bifasciata Gill., T. hartii Gill.
Aphidiclce. Pemphigus populi transversus Riley, On Cotton- wood.
Aleyrodidcc. Aleurodes sp. Abundant on Sycamore leaves.
Coccidce. Chionaspis salicis Harr. j
HETEROPTEEA.
Cydnidce. One specimeu as yet undetermined.
Pentatomidce. Podisus cynicus Say, Brochymena annulata Fab., Cosmopepla carnifex Fab., Euschistus fissilis Uhl., E. tristigma Say, E. variolarius P. Beauv., Trichopepla semivittata Say, Thyanta custator Fab.,
Coreidcp. Neides muticus Say, Jalysus spinosus Say, Corizus lateralis Say, C. nigristernum Sign.. C. bohemani Sign., (?) C. nove- boracensis Sign.
Lygaeidce. Nysius thymi Wolff, N. angustatus Uhl., Orsillacis producta Uhl., Ischnorhynchus didymus Zett., Blissns leucopterus Say, Cyinus angustatus Stal. Geocoris limbatus Stal, G. fuliginosus Say, Myodocha serripes Oliv., Ligyrocoris sylvestris L., Ptochiomera ►
nodosa Say, Lygaeus kalmii Stal, L. turcicus Fab.
Capsidce. Megalocoerea debilis Uh. (?), Miris affinis Reut., Compsocerocoris annulicornis Reut., Calocoris rapidus Say, Lygus pratensis L., L. plagiatus Ulil., Poecyloscytus basalis Reut., Camp- tobrochis nebulosus Uhl., Eccritotarsus elegans Uhl., Hyaliodes vitripennis Say. Episcopus ornatus Uh., Ilnacora stalii Reut., Pilo- phorus bifasciatus Fab , Malacocoris irroratus Say, Garganus fusi- formis Say, Halticus uhleri Giard, Stypbrosoma stygica Say, Neo- borus laetus Uhl., Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl., Plagiognathus sp., Agalliastes associates, Uhl.
Acanthiidce Triphleps insidiosus Sav.
Tingitidce. Corythuca ciliata Say.
Phymatidce. Phymata fasciata Gray.
Nabidce. Coriscus ferus L.
Peduviidce. Sinea diadema Fab., Acholla multispionosa DeG., Diplodus luridus Stal.
Hygrotrechidce. Hygrotrechus remigis Say, Stephania picta H.
Schf.
Saldidtp. Saida interstitialis Say.
Corisidce. Corisa alternata Say.
Of the above list nearly thirty have not been recorded for the state hitherto and there are a few specimens which are as yet un- determined.
1900]
Hine — Odonata of Ohio
13
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE “ODONATA
OF OHIO.”
James S. Hine.
Since the publication of the Odonata of Ohio, there have been several species of dragonflies added to the State list, and we have had reasons to change our minds regarding the identity of two species at least.
Enallagma Fischeri, Kellicott, is a synonym of Agrion antenna- tum, Say, consequently the species will henceforth be known as Enallagma antennatum. Say.
Our Gomphus lividus, Selys, is Gomphus sordidus, Selys, and Gomphus externus, Selys, is Gomphus crassus, Hagen.
The following species have been added :
1. Lestes eurinus, Say, taken June 3, 1900, by E. B. Williamson in Portage County. Numbers of both males and females of the species were taken on Cedar Point, at Sandusky, July 10 of the present year.
2. Progomplnis obscurus, Ramb., first taken at Ironton, June 1, 1899, by R. C. Osburn. The present year I took several specimens at Vinton, June 10th .
3. Gomphus abbreviatus, Hagen, (?) was taken at Loudonville, June 10, 1899, by .1. B. Parker and R. C. Osburn. The species was common at the same locality June 14, of the present year.
4. Neurocordulia obsoleta, Say, has been taken at Cincinnati by Chas. Dury and his associates for three consecutive seasons.
5. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis, Prov., was procured on Rattle- snake Island in Lake Erie, June 28, 1900, by Prof. Osborn.
6. Nasiseschna pentacantha, Rarnbur, was taken near Kent, Ohio, June 21, 1900. In company with R. C. Osburn we procured three pairs of this species. Others were seen.
DRAGONFLIES TAKEN IN A WEEK.
Raymond C. Osburn and James S. Hine.
During the week beginning June 17th, we collected insects and fishes in the region of small lakes near Kent, Ohio. A list of the Odonata taken during that week is interesting, as it shows the rich- ness of the Odonat fauna of north-eastern Ohio and also the number of species of this group that may fly in a certain locality at the same time.
1. Calopteryx maculata, Beauv.
2. Colopteryx sequabilis, Say.
3. Hetserina americana, Fabr.
14
O. S. U. Naturalist.
[Nov.
4. Lestes uncatus, Kirby.
5. Lestes rectangularis, Say.
6. Lestes vigilax, Hagen.
7. Lestes ineqnalis, Walsh.
8. Argia putrida, Hagen.
9. Agria violacea, Hagen.
10. Argia tibialis, Rambur.
11. Argia apicalis, Say.
12. Erythromma conditum, Hagen.
13. Nehalennia posita, Hagen.
14. Nehalennia irene, Hagen.
15. Amphiagrion saucium, Burm.
16. Enallagma traviatum, Selys.
17. Enallagma civile, Hagen.
18. Enallagma carunculatum, Morse.
19. Enallagma hageni, Walsh.
20. Enallagma geminatum, Kel.
21. Enallagma exsulans, Hagen.
22. Enallagma antennatum, Say.
23. Enallagma signatum, Hagen.
24. Enallagma pollution, Hagen.
25. Ischnura vertical is, Say.
26. Ophiogomphns rupinsulensis, Walsh.
27. Gomphus dilatatus, Rambur.
28. Gomphus quadricolor, Walsh.
29. Gomphus fraternus, Say.
30. Gomphus furcifer, Hagen.
31. Gomphus spicatns, Selys.
32. Gomphus sordidus, Selys.
33. Gomphus exilis, Selys.
34. Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys.
35. Anax junius, Drury.
36. Basiseschna janata, Say.
37. Episeschna heros, Fab.
38. HCschna, verticalis, Hagen.
39. Nasiseschna pentacantha, Rambur.
40. Macromia illinoiensis, Walsh.
41. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen.
42. Tetragoneuria cynosura, Say.
43. Tetragoneuria semiaqua, Burm.
44. Tramea lacerata, Hagen.
45. Libellula basalis, Say.
46. Libellula pulchella, Drury.
47. Libellula semifasciata, Burm.
48. Libellula exusta, Say.
49. Libellula incesta, Hagen.
1900]
Additions to the Ohio Flora
15
50. Plathemis trimaculata, DeGeer.
51. Celithemis eponina, Drury.
52. Celithemis elisa, Hagen.
53. Celithemis fasciata Kirby.
54. Leucorhinia intacta, Hagen.
55. Sympetrum rubicundulum, Say.
56. Perithemis domitia, Drury.
57. Mesothemis simplicicollis, Say.
58. Pachydiplax longipenn is, Burm.
Number 2 was taken for the second time in the State. The species was common along the Cuyahoga Iliver, where both males and females were found resting on foliage near the water’s edge or flitting nervously from one resting place to another.
Number 27 is one of our rarer Gomphids. Only one specimen of the species was taken.
Both male and female of 30 were taken. This is the first time the female of this species lias been taken in Ohio.
Number 39 was taken for the first time in Ohio. Three pairs of this fine species were taken.
Two years ago I took males of number 48 at Stewart’s Lake. The species has not been taken in the State since until this year when we took both males and females at the same lake.
Number 53 has been considered a very desirable species, but it seems that it is a common form in the lake regiou near Kent. About thirty specimens were procured.
ADDITIONS TO THE OHIO FLORA.
The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants published in April, 1899, by Kellerman, contained 2025 species of Cormophytes. In the first Annual Supplement, published April, 1900, 69 additions were made. The following 22 additional species therefore bring the total to 2116 plants growing without cultivation in the state. The numbers correspond to the Fourth State Catalogue so that those who desire can easily copy the additions and bring their catalogue up to date.
212a Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesquite-grass. Ohio State University Campus, Columbus. I’. J. Tyler.
212b Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Mesquite-grass. Ohio State University Campus, Columbus. Alice Dufour.
258a Bromus asper Murr. Hairy Brom e-grass (London, Mrs. K. D. Sharp, Coll., E. Monroe, Highland Co., W. A. Kellerman, Coll.) Alice Dufour.
265b Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Short-awned Chess. Ashtabula, (W. A. Kellerman, Coll.) Alice Dufour.
472a Wolffia braziliensis Wedd. Brazil Wolffia. Sandusky Bay. Abundant at times. R. F. Griggs.
16 O. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov.
538a Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the Valley. Abundantly escaped in Cemetery, Worthington. R. F. Griggs.
619a Salix nigra x amygdaloides. A. D. Selby, 8th Report Academy of Science, p. 22, and others.
629 Change S. fluviatilis Nutt, to S. interior Rowlee. Rowlee in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 27 : 247, 1900.
629a Salix interior var. wheeleri Rowlee. Cedar Point, W. A. Kellerman and R. F. Grigs.
636a Salix sericea x cordata. Ashtabula. (W. A. Kellerman Coll.) R. F. Griggs.
637a Salix peliolaris var. graciles. Toledo. (J. A. Sanford, Coll. 1879,) R. F. Griggs.
638a Salix Candida x cordata. Castalia, Erie County. R. F. Griggs.
864a Berberis aquilifolium. Pursh. (Mahonia aqnilifolium Nutt.) Seeding in Cemetery, Worthington. R. F. Griggs.
898b Diplotaxus muralis (L.) DC. Diplotaxus. Cleveland, Ohio. Wm. Krebs.
963 Philadelphus inodorus L. Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County. W. A. Kellerman.
1039a Cratsegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. Steub- enville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz.
1045a Crataegus multipes n. sp. (W. W. Ashe in Bulletin 175 N. C. Experiment Station, August, 1900.) Ohio, E. E. Bogue, Coll.
1132a Dolichos lablab L. Hyacinth Bean. Escaped from cultiva- tion in several places in Columbus. Found growing on vacant lots, surrounded by large weeds. John H. Schaffner.
1188a Rhus cotinus L. Escaped, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County. W. A. Kellerman.
1219a Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Scioto County. Previously reported for Ohio. W. A. Kellerman.
1255 Lechea minor L. Steubenville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz.
1487a Gilia coronopifolia Pers. Growing in a cemetery near Madison, Lake County. Spreading slowly. F. J, Tyler.
1729 Euphorbia lathyris L. Pomeroy, Meigs County. W. A. Kellerman.
1919a Polymnia canadensis var. radiata Gray. Cedar Point. Very abundant. R. F. Griggs.
1943a Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Sandusky. A single plant along railroad tracks. R. F. Griggs.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MICROSCOPIC PLANTS.
Small plants like Desmids, Diatoms, etc., may be preserved in water, in homeopathic vials, provided a drop of carbolic acid is added to each bottle of material. In this way they will keep for a long time with very little change of color and contents.
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By W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Ohio State University.
A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily.
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For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address
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Recent Scientific Works
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T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised “ Compend” of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana, — The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in Chemistry, the approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by the leading colleges; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series “Scientific Memoirs” edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready.
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THE O. S. U.
naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor-in-chibf — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S.
Assciatb Editors :
Zoology — F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. Botany— F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology—]. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology — W. C. MILLS, II. Sc. Ornithology — R . F. GRIGGS.
Advisory Board:
PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany.
PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.
Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER. D. Sc. Department of Geology.
Volume I. December, 1900
Number 2
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR
A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to J une (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents.
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R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent.
THE O. S. U. NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
THE O. S. U. NATURALIST
CONTENTS
Feeding Habits of the Scarlet Flamingo 17
J. C. Hambleton
Aggressive Character and Economic Aspect of the White Heath
Aster 19
IV. A. Kellerman
Geophilous Plants of Ohio 21
F. J. Tyler
Notes Economic and Taxonomic on the Saw Brier, Smilax
Glauca 24
TV. A. Kellerman.
Meetings of the Biological Club 27
News and Notes 28
Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second-class matter, November 20, 1900.
dl]e
0. S. XI. 21aturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Vol. J. DECEMBER, J900. No. 2
FEEDING HABITS OF THE SCARLET FLAMINGO.
J. C. Hambletox.
One of the favorite winter haunts of Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus is found on the sandy beaches that abound on the xvest coast of South America, at about latitude 42° South.
On the north coast of the large island of Chiloe, there are several places of this sort where these beautiful birds may be seen in flocks of hundreds during the months of June, July and August, the winter months in that region.
I remember the first time I walked over one of their favorite resorts. It wras on the Pudeto river, near the small town of Ancud. The tides here are rather high owing to the formation of the bay, and as a consequence it enters the river and floods great stretches of sand that border the left bank. As the tide goes out the flamingos may be seen here by hundreds. The first time I visited the place the tide had been out some hours and there were no birds to be seen. I was disappointed for the trip had been made for that special purpose.
However my attention was soon attracted to long rows of small hillocks of sand, or rather, to be more exact, circular ditches in the sand that appeared to have been made while the water was still present. These were about two or two and one-half feet in diameter by five or six inches wide and three or four inches deep. This, of course, gave the central portion the appearance of a small hill about eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. LTpon inquiry I could get no information — no one had any idea how or by whom they had been made.
A fewr days later the mystery was solved when a second visit was made to the place at a more propitious moment.
Upon approaching to within a few hundred yards of where a regiment of these scarlet beauties was lined up, the birds took flight and it was then that I discovered who wrere the authors of my mys- terious little hills.
By subsequent observations I found that the birds took their stand in the water when it was about a foot and a half deep, and at more or less regular intervals about eight or ten feet apart. Here
18
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 2
they remained stationary and turned round and round with their heads under water, catching the small crustacians that seem to be their principal diet. The form of their beak is such that when it is placed on the ground the upper mandible is underneath. This being large and strong, soon opens up the circular depression that first called my attention. Before the tide is all out they usually leave because the crustaceans have by this time hidden in the sand.
The flamingo frequents this coast only during the winter months and consequently does not nest here, nor is it known to nest west of the Andes mountains. Their nests and young, however, have been observed in great numbers in the small lakes of brackish water that abound on the plains of Patagonia east of the mountains. Undoubt- edly these are the same birds that spend their winters in Chile, the lofty Andes proving no barrier to their flight. There are many roads by which they can pass, the mountains being intercepted by frequent rivers that empty into the Pacific, and have their origin beyond the snow-covered Andes, in the plains of the Argentine Republic.
AGGRESSIVE CHARACTER AND ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE WHITE HEATH ASTER.
W. A. Kelleeman.
(Plate 3.)
The White Heath Aster (Aster ericoides) is an indigenous species whose distribution is given in our manuals as “Canada, Florida, and the Mississippi,” “ Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky,” and “South New England to Minnesota and south- ward,” theivariety pilosus “mainly in the Western States.” It is one of the commonest Asters throughout Ohio, occurring doubtless in every county in our State. The variety jlwYosms seems to be the common form in our region, and may be seen growing in rich and poor soil with almost equal thrift, and occurring in all habitats except the woods and swamps.
Its capacity for adaptation to the advance of civilization is remarkable, and this occasions the remark now very generally heard among the farmers that it is a “new weed in the region,” “ not known here five years ago,” “ just came all at once,” “ the latest and worst weed we have,” and other expressions of similar import. As a matter of fact, the roadsides in many places are lined with it, fields with a poor stand of clover, timothy, or blue grass are com- pletely covered with it, and all waste places, vacant lots, and neg- lected spots are profusely decorated with the same.
The plant is a rather coarse weed; but in spite of this fact it is somewhat attractive because of the masses of green foliage and the white flowers that become prominent before the summer is gone, and last throughout the early and middle autumn. The stems are tough
() S. IT. Naturalist.
Plate b.
KKLLERM AX ON ASTER.
Dec., 1900]
Kellerman — White Heath Aster.
19
and wiry and this gives the local name “ Steelweed,” a common designation in Adams County and adjoining regions. It is said by some, however, that this name is given it “because the flowers are the color of bright steel.” Another name frequently applied in the localities mentioned is “Bee-plant” for reasons suggested in the name itself, and still another is “ Stickweed,” for which I could learn no explanation. Other common names which Britton enum- erates are Frost-weed, Michaelmas Daisy, Farewell Summer, White Rosemary, Dog-fennel, Mare’s-tail, and Scrub-bush.
Though complaint against this plant is universal in some sec- tions, it is not. I think, well founded in all cases. It has some merits now and then acknowledged by those who are close observers. The allegations pro and con may be summarized as follows:
First, the statement is made that it is “driving out every other grass” and “invading” the whole country. It is certainly more abundant than it was before the country was cleared and cultivated ; yet after all but little of it is seen in good pastures and vigorous meadows, and none at all in ground that is under thorough and con- stant. cultivation. It has not the aggressiveness possessed by some of our weeds, but it does quickly take possession of neglected and fallow ground. It does not spread extensively or rapidly by under- ground stems as do some of the Compositae. It has simply short rootstocks for this purpose. Its mode of multiplication by this means is illustrated in the figures shown in Plate 3. These are from photographs taken late in November, and indicate the preparation the plant makes for the next season’s work. The specimens num- bered 1 and 2 had been mowed to the ground during the summer. But this instead of killing the plants stimulated their propensity to vegetative multiplication. The result was therefore the opposite of what the farmer intended. Figure 3 shows a plant undisturbed dur- ing the growing period, and its energies active and latent were almost entirely exhausted in producing flowers and seed. Let the plants alone then rather than shear their tops, and the sooner will they exhaust themselves.
It is true, as the figures plainly suggest, that this Aster is not a difficult one to eradicate. While the roots are numerous, they are not long; and even the shallowest plowing or ordinary cultivation will effectually destroy the plant. As to multiplication by seed germination, it needs simply to be remembered that good or even fair cultivation of the soil will prevent this weed from growing, and that many species of weeds will get in old meadows and pastures as rapidly as the cultivated grasses are killed by excessive grazing or the casualties of season and climate.
In the second place the weed is charged with the heinous crime of “ killing stock.” Thorough inquiry in different localities estab- lished the fact that this plant, eaten to considerable extent late in
20
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 2
the season by cattle and horses it is true, does damage perhaps only as the consumption of an excessive amount of almost any kind of dry and comparatively innutritions vegetable matter might do. It is said to be especially binding, and the constipation no doubt was a factor in bringing about the fatal results that were cited. While stock will eat the plant when at hand they take but little of it if nutritious grasses can be found. A very intelligent and observant farmer, however, was seen cutting and burning the plants which covered his pastures to save his stock — his neighbor by carelessness in this respect, he averred, having lost some valuable horses.
On the other hand this White Heath Aster is an important bee- plant. Bees will “ work on it the whole day,” and the plant is in bloom from middle or late summer to late autumn. The honey made is white, and has a strong tendency “ to turn to sugar.” One farmer who has two hundred and fifty stands of bees, now that this Bee-plant is well established as a sure crop, will sow no more buck- wheat for his bees.
I have said this species is becoming excessively abundant in some ( hilly) portions of southern Ohio. It can well be regarded as “a great boon ” merely because it is a soil-binder of marked efficiency. It prevents the destructive washing of the hillsides in the Fall, open winter and early spring. Such a plant would not be needed to a great extent, were methods and habits of cultivation perfect or in a high state of development; but this phase of the economic aspect of the case must at present be insisted on.
Finally it may be said that as a fertilizer this Steel-weed takes a high rank. It is regarded by observant farmers as but slightly inferior to a crop of clover. It does not decompose when turned under as quickly as clover, but that it yields plant-food and an- swers well the mechanical purposes of a coarse fertilizer, testimony is unanimous and apparently conclusive.
Explanation of Plate 3. — Aster ericoides pilosus, reproduced from photographs taken late in November. Figures 1 and 2 show plants with abundant, and Figure 3, with few young shoots close to the ground. Plants shown in Figures 1 and 2 had the tops removed in summer. Figure 3 shows the common appearance at the end of the growing season of undisturbed plants.
Dec., 1900]
Tyler — Geophilous Plants.
21
GEOPHILOUS PLANTS OF OHIO.
F. J. Tyler.
Geophilous — meaning earth loving — is a term which has recently been applied to such plants as have some special adaption, which enables them to withdraw beneath the surface of the ground when adverse conditions, such as extreme heat and drouth, cold, etc,, overtake them. Such adaptions may be classified as Rhizomes,
Bulbs,
Corms,
Crowns.
Rhizomes are underground stems and like other stems may be simple or branched. The branched rhizome is, however, the most common form since it combines vegetative reproduction with the other advantages of a rhizome habit. The Brake Fern (Pteris aqui- lina L.) is an example of a much branched rhizome and Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum biflorum Ell.) of a nearly simple rhizome.
The stem of a rhizomatous plant may remain permanently underground, as is the case with all ferns except the tree ferns of the tropics. An annual stem is, however, usually sent to the surface and this may be a lateral branch from the main subterranean stem or it may be a continuation of the rhizome, in which case the next year’s rhizome will be a lateral branch and thus the whole rhizome will be made up of a number of distinct segments. Various members of the Iris group are good examples of this. In at least one genus of Ohio plants— Sinilax— there are some members having both a per- ennial woody stem and a well developed rhizome. It may be that these plants are leaving the rhizome habit and are taking up the woody stem habit.
Perhaps in most cases rhizome plants became such through the gradual covering of trailing stems. It is a protection and a saving of building material to a plant if its stems are trailing or creeping, still more so if they are covered by leaf mould or soil. If rhizome plants were once trailers there should be every gradation between the two and so we find. The Trailing Wahoo is a good example of this, since some of its stems are often covered by leaf mould or soil while others are on the surface or some inches above. Many of the Ericacea? are in this transition stage between trailers and geophytes. The Wintergreen (Gaultheria proeumbens L.) has a long, creeping stem which is often or usually covered by leaf mould. It roots freely and sends up perennial woody branches to the surface. It is hard to say in such cases whether the plant is geophilous or not.
22
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 2
Many geophilous plants of the rhizome type were doubtless once crown formers and here again we find a transition stage which con- tains every gradation between the two groups. The Composite are mostly crown formers, but some are true rhizome plants and some are transitional.
The advantages of a rhizome habit are very apparent. The first and most important advantage is the protection from frost which this habit affords. By taking up this habit many plants have been able to withstand a climate, which would otherwise prove fatal. The Alpine Willow is an example. Rhizomes are often storehouses for food and become swollen and distorted in consequence. Vege- tative propagation is usually combined with the geophilous habit and with great advantage to the plant. In most cases a rhizome dies off at the back as fast as it grows in front so that any part of it lives a definite number of years. The individual segments of the Solomon’s Seal, for instance, live from three to five years. In this way a branch soon becomes a separate plant. In some cases, how- ever, the rhizome may live for many years and thus hundreds of seemingly independent plants may be connected beneath the surface of the ground. The Brake Fern (Pteris aquilina L.) is of this class and an entire hillside may be covered with a much branched speci- men of this plant.
A plant which has no means of migration when it has exhausted the nearby food supply is manifestly at a disadvantage when com- pared with a progressive rhizome plant which moves every year into a new and fresh location. To be sure, the distance it travels may not be far but it is enough to remove the plant from an ex- hausted position and from its wornout and useless tissue. Thus this group of plants may be said to have found the secret of potential immortality, for, unless some catastrophe overtakes them, they may live indefinitely and remain young. It is interesting in this con- nection, to note how far some of these plants travel in a century. This may be calculated in a general way by measuring the annual growth in length of the rhizome. Solomon’s Seal travels from twelve to twenty feet in this length of time, Uvularia perfoliata L- from eight to ten feet, Onoclea sensibilis L. from three hundred to five hundred feet, and others still farther.
The Iris group) are exceptions, in that they travel in a circle- The reason seems to be that the lateral branches which contiuue the rhizome from year to year mostly arise on the same side of the terminal bud, so that each branch goes off at a slight angle to the former branch. The degree of angle determines the size of the resulting circle. One class of rhizome plants is very distinct and requires espiecial mention. This class may be termed upright or retrogressive rhizome plants. The upright rhizome may originate from a progressive rhizome, or from a crown former or in some other
Dec., 1900]
Tyler — Geophilous Plants.
23
way. Trillium nivale Riddell is in a transitional stage between the progressive and retrogressive classes, since the large rhizomes are upright and the young lateral branches are progressive until they have traveled some distance away from the parent rhizome, when they too, become upright. The lower Ferns (Ophioglossaceae) belong to this class. The disadvantage of this habit is that the rhizome will soon grow out of the ground and be in a very exposed condition. To counteract this tendency the roots of these plants are usually strongly contractile and pull the rhizome down into the ground as fast as it grows out. Skunk Cabbage (Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.) has an upright rhizome and root contraction is very marked. The very apparent disadvantages of the retrogressive or upright rhizome habit have made this class very few in number compared with the progressive rhizome class. In Ohio there are about 475 species of rhizome plants and less than twenty-five of these belong to the retro- gressive class. This class is closely related to the corm plants, indeed, all that is needed to make the typical corm out of a retro- gressive rhizome plant, such as Trillium nivale, is to shorten and make more definite the annual growth of the rhizome. The bulb is usually a very short, upright rhizome with many thickened scales. The bulb of Lilium martagon is of this kind but that of Lilium cana- dense is more closely related to the progressive rhizomes. The parent bulb sends out one or more thick rhizomes which grow out- ward if the bulb is at the normal depth, downward if the bulb is too near the surface of the ground and the new bulbs are formed by the shortening of the outer end and the growth and thickening of the scales of the rhizome.
Both bulbs and conns may be regarded as rhizomes modified to suit peculiar conditions, such as a long, dry, heated period alternat- ing with a short, rainy period. A plant to survive under such conditions must be able to start up very quickly as soon as the rains come, and flower and mature its seeds before the drouth again over- takes it. A large amount of food material must be stored up by the plant in order to do this, and the food material must be kept from drying or burning up during the heated period. Bulbs and cormsi protected as they usually are by dry and coriaceous coverings, ans- wer these requirements and are usually abundant in localities where these conditions obtain. Bulb and corm plants are also well fitted to live in dense woods where the light is soon shut otf in the Spring by the expanding leaves of the trees. They are able to spring up very early, flower and ripen seeds before the light is shut off. The food supply which enables them to do this is often protected by acrid or poisonous principals developed in the bulb or corm. Pepper-root (Dentaria laciniata Muhl.) and Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema tri- phyllum [ L. ] Torr.) are examples.
24
O. S. U. Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 2
Crown plants, while not true geophytes, are often closely related to rhizome plants and may be regarded as transitional. They are formed by the freezing back of the upright stem to the surface of the ground, and the survival of the short stem beneath the surface until the next Spring when it sends out branches from adventitious buds. In this way several branches are sent up where there was one before, and, as this crowds and injures the plant, these branches usually move out some distance from the base of the parent plant before coming to the surface. The connection with the main stem is often severed, and thus many new plants are formed. All this rarely takes place in the Spring but has been shifted back to late Summer or Fall by the parent plant. Often a food supply is stored up for the young plants by the parent. Helianthus tuberosus L. is a good example.
Vegetative propagation is brought to its highest development in this class and they become our worst weeds.
NOTES ECONOMIC AND TAXONOMIC ON THE SAW BRIER, SMILAX GLATJCA.
W. A. Kellerman.
(Plate 4.)
In a recent trip through some of the southern counties of the State my attention was arrested by the enormous quantity of Smilax glauca — Glaucous-leaf Brier as given by Britton in the Illustrated Flora — but generally and appropriately called in these regions where so abundant, the Saw Brier. In the sandy soil of Hocking County* thence southward to the Ohio River this plant may be seen growing in field and pasture, by roadside and on hillside, and everywhere ex- cept in wet soils and dense woods. It climbs over fences and high bushes, displaying its bright foliage of lively green, more effective by contrast with the abundant white bloom on the under side. In the Autumn it presents showy wreaths of black but glaucous-coated berries and the most gorgeous coloration of foliage. The leaves remain for the most part late in Fall and Winter, and for brilliant and delicate shades of rose and red are not surpassed by any plant of our entire flora. The forbidding aspect of the long, wiry stems, with their bristly covering of long, saw-like or needle-shaped prickles, serves also to distinguish this plant even among the attractive associates of its kingdom.
A Bad Weed.— As a weed this species here stands at the head of the list. Its horrid prickles make it one of the most disagreeable plants with which to come in contact. It revels in the pastures and clambers over the fences; it flourishes in the meadows and fields, and no ordinary practice of crop-cultivation interferes with its
Dec., 1900]
Kellerman — Saw Brier.
25
luxuriance. One can readily see that it is not carelessness on the part of the farmer that suffers half or still larger portions of his fields to be covered with this pestiferous vine. No other weed is seen in the area and therefore he has been diligent and careful in his tillage. The meadows even if twice or thrice mowed in a season will yet contain year to year the same quantity of Saw Brier. The stems spring up quickly, and grow “a foot in a night” the people say; surely the Saw Brier is the freshest plant in the field. In a case specially noticed a garden spot had been put in cultivation in 1873, and has been continually and thoroughly cultivated every year since, yet the Saw Brier is there to-day.
The Underground Parts.— This tenacity of life and luxur- iance of growth can be understood when the underground parts are examined. There are numerous irregular and often large tubers or enlargements which serve as the capacious storehouse of nourish- ment. They are often of fantastic shape. Various forms are shown in figure 1, plate 4. These occur at irregular intervals on the long and tortuous subterranean stems. It is said that they may be found several feet below the surface, though the eight specimens shown on the plate were found at a depth of six to twelve inches. If they all could be removed from the soil the weed would of course be practi- cally annihilated. But when found at a depth of several feet — as seen sometimes in making excavations for foundations, walls, etc. — it is evident that the farmer will have to make extraordinary and long-continued efforts to destroy this pest. The less courageous may well be appalled in contemplating the herculean task. Fortunately swine are fond of the nutritious tubers, and voraciously devour them when they are given the freedom of the field and allowed to indulge in their natural propensities. Heavy coating of manure and winter plowing are also indicated.
Variations in the Leaves. — This form is easily recognized among the several species of Smilax indigenous to Ohio, though the leaves vary in size and shape to a remarkable degree. A large num- ber of the common forms are shown in figure plate 4. They are sometimes very broadly cordate-oval, wider than long; often ovate- cordate, oval or ovate, lance-oval, oblong to oblong-ovate, broadly to narrowly lanceolate and even linear; they are mostly cuspidate at the apex, in some cases tapering to acute or sub-acuminate. The base is mostly cordate and subcordate, but occasionally tapering* It is seldom that forms approaching halberd-shape occur in our region. An inspection of plate 4 will illustrate these several forms. The twig with fruit marked 6, bears a very common form of the leaf as does also the one marked 1. The broad-leaf form is not uncom- mon, but the very broad-leaf as seen in specimens marked 3 and 5 is of much less frequent occurrence. The very naVrow leaves are as a rule borne on short stems — such as have developed in fields and
26
O. S. U. Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 2
meadows where the earlier stems have been destroyed or disturbed. But often on such stems (marked 1) the leaves are broad and have the natural shape.
Size of Leaves. — The size of the leaves is strikingly variable. The specimens shown on plate 4 being reproduced from photographs exhibit correctly this variability. Careful measurements also were made of leaves taken at random from hundreds selected to illustrate this point. These since they give both the length and width of the leaf demonstrate the shape as well as the size. The measurements are in decimeters and one hundred of them are as follows:
|
12x11.5 |
12.5x9.5 |
8.5x6 |
9x2 |
9.5x3. 8 |
7. 8x2. 2 |
|
11x10.5 |
12x9.5 |
7.5x5 5 |
9x3.5 |
8x4 |
7. 3x2. 8 |
|
1 2x1 1 |
12x11 |
8.6x5. 4 |
8x1.5 |
7x2.8 |
6x1.7 |
|
13x10.6 |
11x11.8 |
8x6 |
6x0.7 |
8x3.8 |
5.3xl.6 |
|
11x12 |
12.2x9.8 |
9x6 |
8x1.5 |
4.5x1 |
8x3.4 |
|
12.5x11.2 |
11.5x10 |
8.5x6 |
7x1.8 |
7x2.2 |
7. 5x2. 5 |
|
12.2x10 |
13.5x10.5 |
8.5x5. 8 |
6.8x2 |
7x3.2 |
6x2.5 |
|
12x11 |
11.5x9.6 |
9. 8x6. 4 |
7.5x2.2 |
6.2x2. 5 |
6x2.8 |
|
11x11 |
8x5.5 |
9x7.3 |
5.5x2. 5 |
8. 2x2. 8 |
6x2.6 |
|
11.5x11.1 |
9x6 |
8.3x5. 8 |
7. 6x2.2 |
6. 5x2. 2 |
7x2.8 |
|
11x10.8 |
9. 2x6.5 |
9x6.5 |
7.8x2 |
5. 5x2. 9 |
8.4x3 |
|
12x11.5 |
8x5.5 |
9. 9x7. 6 |
6.5x2 |
7.3x2.7 |
9. 8x3.5 |
|
12x10.6 |
9x7 |
8. 2x4.6 |
7x0.8 |
8x1.8 |
10x3.5 |
|
13x11 |
8. 5x7. 5 |
8.5x6 |
8.4x0. 7 |
9.5x1. 9 |
9.6x3. 8 |
|
12x11 |
7. 5x4. 5 |
8.8x6 |
8x1 .4 |
9.5x2. 2 |
7. 5x1. 7 |
|
11.5x10.8 |
8. 5x6. 2 |
9.5x7 |
8.5x2 |
8. 4x2. 2 |
9. 4x2. 5 |
|
12x11.3 |
9x7 |
11.1x2.2 |
9x3.5 |
8x2.5 |
Desckiption of the Leaf. — Neither the description as given originally (1787) by Walter nor those contained in our Manuals give any intimation of such variability as actually occurs. Some of them are as follows: Walter says “foliis oblongo-cordatis ” ; Wood,
41 ovate, finally nearly orbicular, abruptly contracted at one end Gray, “ovate, rarely subcordate, abruptly mucronate”; Britton, “ ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes cordate at the base. ” I would suggest the following as applicable to the Ohio specimens : Leaves mostly ovate , often broadly oval (occasionally broader than long), sometimes oblong-ovate , varying to lanceolate or even linear ; the base mostly sub-cordate but often cordate or even cuneate ; the apex cuspidate to acute or sub-acuminate.
Smieax spinulosa. — Britton and Brown in the illustrated Flora, 1 : 410, appends to the description of Smilax glauca the follow- ing paragraph: “Smilax spinulosa J. E. Smith, is a form with
numerous small prickles on the lower part of the stem, and more elongated, sometimes halberd-shaped leaves. It occurs in southern New York, but is not well understood.” However Smilax spinulosa
0. S. 1'. Xati kalist.
Plate 4
Fig. 2.
KKJ.I.KRMAX ON SM11..AX.
Dec., 1900]
Kellerman — Saw Brier.
27
is given by these authors as a synonym of Smilax glauca, which according to my judgment is correct.
Smilax Spinulosa ax Extreme Form op S. Glauca. — The material secured recently fortunately clears up the case unless I misapprehend the purport of the above quotation. The “ more elongated leaves ” spoken of may find their counterpart in the figures on plate 4, and yet there can be no question thatl they belong to Smilax glauca. The twigs bearing them were in many cases found attached to the same underground sterns that bore the broad leaves. Even at a glance the identity of the specimens in the field could not be mistaken; all their characters showed that they were really Smilax glauca. In herbarium specimens that have been preserved every gradation may be seen between the extremes shown in the plate. These specimens also show in some cases underground stems that bear both leaves and twigs with leaves of the broader form. As a rule in the cornfields where the soil is not rich and crop-cultivation has been diligent the narrower leaves (on shorter stems) are com- mon. In richer cornfields, and in meadows, especially if quite fertile, the short stems are clothed with the broader leaves. Abundant evidence was at hand to demonstrate that this form with “more elongated leaves ” (S. spinulosa) is directly connected with the form called S. glauca by the taxonomists. Its peculiarities are doubtless referable to the special environment; in no case could these appar- ently aberrant specimens be called a specific or even varietal form.
Explanation of Plate 4. — Smilax glauca. Figure 1: Eight specimens of tubers repro- duced from photographs and much reduced. Fig. 2. Twigs ( 1-6) bearing leaves of varying shapes also separate leaves ( 7-56 ) illustrating variation in shape and size.
MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB.
October 1st, 1900, Botanical Hall.
This evening was spent in the giving of reports on work done during the summer vacation. Osborn, Mills, Griggs, Tyler, Miss Dufour, Schaffner and Hine gave reports. Seven names were pro- posed for membership.
The motion by Professor Osborn to hold the meetings of the current year in Biological Hall was carried.
Hine, Morse and Miss Dufour were appointed a nominating committee to select officers for the year.
November 5th, 1900.
Members assembled in Biological Hall. President Schaffner called the meeting to order. Officers were elected as follows: Osborn president, Tyler vice-president, Hine secretary.
Long, Wyman, Ball, Hambleton and Dunlap were elected to membership.
28
0. S. U. Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 2
The retiring president, Professor Schaffner, gave the address of the evening. He had for his subject “ The Life History and Cytology of Erythronium.”
Landacre and others took part in a discussion of the paper.
J. S. H.
NEWS AND NOTES.
The tenth annual meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science will be held at the Ohio State University, Columbus, on December 2(5 and 27, 1900.
Petioles of the Cottonwood.— The leaves of the Cotton- wood as well as some other species of Populus have an interesting light relation. If one looks at a vigorous shoot, the leaves are seen to be arranged in the profile position around the stem. This is accomplished by means of a very simple device. The petiole is much flattened next to the blade and is quite flexible. The flatten- ing is transverse to the plane of the blade and on this account the leaf will assume the vertical position, no difference in what way it is attached or twisted. This adaptation is also respon- sible for the musical rustle one hears when resting in the shade of the Cottonwood. The leaves are very smooth and nearly alike on both sides. Because of these and other adaptations, the Cottonwood is one of the most successful of our semi-xerophytic trees and one of the last stragglers to be found in the western part of the great plains. J. H. S.
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THE OHIO
naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THf BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M„ M. S.
Associate Editors :
Zoology — F. L. LANDACRE, B Sc. Botany- F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology-). A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology — W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. Ornithology — R. F. GRIGGS
Advisory Board:
PROFESSOR W A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany.
PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.
Department of Zoology. ■ PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology.
Volume I.
January, 1901
Number 3
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR
A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents.
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R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent.
A.clclv(sSS
THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
THE OHIO NATURALIST
CONTENTS
Notes on the SelUpruning of Trees 29
John H. Schaffner and Fred. J. Tyler
Plant Names Commemorative of Ohio Botanists 33
Clara Armstrong
The Maximum Height of Plants II 39
John H. Schaffner
Campus Birds 40
Robert F. Griggs
Minor Plant Notes No. 1 46
W. A. Kellerman
News and Notes 48
Cl)c (Dfyio 21aturaltst
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Vol. 1. JANUARY, J90I No. 3
NOTES ON THE SELF-PRUNING OF TREES.
John H. Schafpner and Fred J. Tyler.
In a dense forest of growing trees the smaller, side branches of the main stem, as well as those of the larger branches, are continu- ally dying off. But the tree rids itself of these dead branches by forming a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base of the branch, which presses more tightly as layer after layer of living wood is added, until the branch finally falls off and the hole which is left is grown over in a short time. This process is known as natural pruning. But the process which we wish to consider is very different from this, and we desire to distinguish it by the term, self-pruning. In this case the living branches are cut off or else the cutting-off process is the cause of the death of the branch. A special adaptation is provided to accomplish the result and the pro- cess is one whose purpose is the shedding of the branches rather than the attempt to accommodate the plant to conditions of injury brought about by other causes. In a number of species perfectly formed winter buds were developed on the branches which were shed, and so far as our observations go, the twigs are cast in the fall and winter.
Although the shedding of branches is well known, especially in the conifers, not as much notice has been taken of it as we think it deserves. We have been taking observations for several years and have been partly anticipated by I)r. Bessey in a note in Science 12. 650, 1‘JOO, — Botanical Notes — The Annual Shedding of Cottonwood Twigs. Bessey describes the shedding of the twigs of Populus deltoides as occurring about the middle of October, and after giving the details of the process, concludes as follows: It is an interest-
ing fact that the Tamarisks (Tamarix sp.) which are held by some botanists to be closely related to the Poplars, shed their twigs by exactly the same device as that described above. In the Tamarisks the shedding of the twigs is a part of the annual process of defolia- tion, their leaves being so small that it appears to be less trouble
30
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 3
and expense to drop twig and all than to separate every individual leaf. Possibly in the Cottonwoods, with their large leaves, we have a survival of the Tamarisk twig-shedding habit long after its original significance has disappeared.” Dr. Bessey, however, we believe, will not insist on this supposition when he considers that the same thing occurs in species of Primus, Quercus, and other widely separated genera.
Fig. 1 — Twig of Populus alba, showing large basal joint and scars where smaller twigs have been detached.
Fig. 2 — View of basal joint of same twig as Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 — Twig of Salix nigra, showing position of the brittle zone (rt).
Fig 4 — Green twig of Ampelopsis cordata, showing joints (a) at the leaf nodes.
The self-pruning of twigs from woody stems, so far as our observations go at present, is accomplished in three general ways: 1st. by the formation of a single joint close to the parent branch; 2nd, by the formation of a brittle zone near the base of the limbs which are to be shed ; 3rd, by a series of transverse joints corres- ponding to the leaf nodes.
Jan., 1901] Schaffner-Tyler — Self-Pruning of Trees.
31
Among the plants which come in the first class, the most striking perhaps, is Populus alba, in which very large branches are frequently cut off in such a perfect manner that one might think the pruning had been done with a sharp knife. Green twigs from one to fifteen years old were found to be shed and no doubt still older ones are cut off. The twigs have well-developed winter buds and this is also the case in other species of Populus and in certain species of Quercus and Primus. In Quercus alba shed twigs were found from one to four years old while in Q. acuminata there were some seven years of age. In Prunus serotina twigs from one to six years old were cut off. In Ulmus Americana not only are joints formed at the base of the twigs, but the twigs also break apart at the nodes, caused by annual growth.
The following species were found belonging to the first class:
Populus alba L.
“ deltoides Marsh.
“ grandidentata Mx.
“ tremuloides Mx.
“ dilatata Ait.
Quercus alba L.
“ robur L.
“ macrocarpa Mx.
“ acuminata (Mx.) Sarg.
Ulmus americana, L.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
Tamarix gallica L.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
Ali the plants found with brittle zones belonged to the willows. It is interesting to note that the branches shed may be one to several years of age and that certain branches do not develop a brittle zone. Salix nigra and S. amygdaloides seem to show the character most perfectly and it is remarkable to see how readily the branches drop off.
The following species show the adaptation:
Salix nigra Marsh.
“ amygdaloides anders.
’ “ fragilis L.
. “ alba vitellina (L.) Koch.
“ babylonica L.
Among those which come in the third class, the most remark- able plant observed was Ampelopsis cordata. About the time that the leaves are §hed nearly all the slender green branches literally fall to pieces and drop off. Most of the fruit is on these branches
32
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 3
and the berries are thus shed at the same time. In the winter the plant is remarkable for the few branches left and it looks like an artificially pruned vine.
The species observed belonging to this class are the following:
Ampelopsis cordata Mx.
“ tricuspidata Seib. & Zucc.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L. ) Planch.
The shedding of the twigs of woody plants may in many cases be entirely an adaptation to get rid of the leaves as in the case of the dwarf branches of Pines and the young twigs of Tamarisks. But even in the Tamarisks it is doubtful whether the joints formed in the older branches can be claimed to have such a purpose, since in this case the leaves have all been shed with the annual twigs. The shedding of the old woody branches may have a different purpose. In regard to the trees mentioned above, we think that the process is one primarily to rid the tree of surplus branches. This would man- ifestly be an advantage and would give room and opportunity for the development of many young leafy shoots every year without accumulating too great a mass of useless members. This is cer- tainly the case with the poplars and the willows. In no case do we think it admissible to say that the adaptation is primarily for the pur- pose of propagation, although this may be a very important in- cidental result in such plants as the willows when growing in wet places. In the case of Ampelopsis cordata, the only reasonable ex- planation seems to be a preparation for the winter condition, since the branches which are shed do not ripen and the plant has an ad- mirable method for shedding its leaves. The slender branches would be in great danger of being killed by the cold of winter. The shedding of the young branches of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich, is remarkably like that in Tamarix. The slender, dwarf branches clothed with the leaves drop otf in the fall or the following spring. The habit must be quite ancient, as such branches of Taxodium distichum mioceuum Hr. are very abundantly preserved as fossils. In Taxodium mexicanum Carr, the dwarf branches are not shed until the second year. Glyptostrobus pendulus Endl. and G. hetero- phyllus Endl. also have deciduous dwarf branches. There are other conifers and no doubt many other angiospermous trees wThich possess these interesting adaptations and by careful observations, no doubt many interesting ecological facts will be brought to light.
Jan., 1901]
Armstrong — Ohio Botanists.
33
PLANT NAMES COMMEMORATIVE OF OHIO BOTANISTS.
Clara Armstrong.
I
Though Ohio has had fewer botanists than many other States, some of these became known wherever botany was cultivated. Riddell was one of the pioneer botanists of the west and for six years he was a resident of this State. By the publication of his Synojjsis lie contributed largely to Ohio Botany. The names of Sullivan t and Lesquereux shed still greater luster on our state. Most of the work of the former aud all of that of the latter was done in Ohio. Several others whose names are given below have been industrious students of our Flora, and have spent many years if not all their lives within our territory. It is a long and interesting list of botanical names which commemorates their scientific labors. In the preparation of this paper I have been aided materially by Prof. W. A. Kellerman.
John Leonard Riddell. — Born in Leyden, Mass., Feb. 20th, 1807 ; died in New Orleans, La., Oct. 7, 1863. He graduated from Rensseler Institute, Troy, N. Y. He came to Ohio in 1830 and became professor of Botany and ad junct Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Cincinnati. He was an enthusiastic and industrious botanist, and collected extensively in many parts of our State. Scarcely any of his specimens seem now to be in existance though he prepared sets for sale and accumulated a large herbarium. His most important publication was the Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. He also published a Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants. In 1836 he left Ohio, carrying his botanical specimens to New Orleans where he became professor in a Medical College; he was also in the employ of the government until his death. He furnished many notes and longer articles to scientific journals and was the author of many new species of plants. The following have been named in his honor:
Riddellia, synonym of Psilostrophe, a genus of the Compositae family.
Solidago Riddellii, a species of Golden Rod.
Senecio Riddellii, synonym of S. Douglasii, a species of Com- positae.
William Starling Sullivant. — Born in Franklinton, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1803, died in Columbus, Ohio, April 30, 1873. He was educated at Ohio University and Yale. The death of his father at the time of his graduation prevented him from studying for one of the learned professions and he became a surveyor and practical engineer, which occupation he followed until late in life. During this time he collected and studied the plants of central Ohio, and in 1840 he began
34
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 3
to pay particular attention to Mosses; this became the subject of his special study, and he was soon recognized as the most eminent bry- ologist that tins country has ever produced.
In 1864 the degree of LL.I). was conferred on Sullivantby Gambier College. He was elected to membership in many scientific societies both in the United States and Europe. At his death his bryological books, collections and preparations of Mosses were given to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. The remainder of his botanical library was bequeathed to the Ohio State University then called the Agricultural and Mechanical College. His microscopes were given to Starling Medical College. Of this institution he was senior trustee. He was the author of many new species and the plants named for him by other botanists are as follows:
Sullivantia, a genus of the Saxifrages. The name first proposed by Gray (1840) for the species discovered by Sullivant was Saxifraga Sullivantii; two years later Gray established the genus Sullivantia and published the name of the plant in question as Sullivantia Ohionis. According to the rules of priority that name now stands as Sullivantia Sullivantii.
Discina Sullivantii. a species of discomycetous fungi.
Panus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Lentinus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Marasmius Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Psilocybe Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Boletus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae.
Polystictus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae.
Thelephora Sullivantii, a species of the Thelephoreae.
Ceph'alozia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Jubula Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Kantia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Porella Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Hypnum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Astomum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Amphoridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Brachythecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Bruchia Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Cylindrothecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Fontinalis Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Macromitrium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Neckera Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Phascum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Pleuridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Schlotheimia Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Eurhynchium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Hookeria Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Jan., 1901]
Armstrong — Ohio Botanists.
35
Zygodon Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Sphagnum Sullivantianum, a species of Moss.
Asclepias Sullivantii, a species of Milkweed.
Lonicera Sullivantii, a species of Honeysuckle.
Carex Sullivantii, a species of Sedge.
Callipteridium Sullivantii, a fossil plant.
There were also two species of Mosses named for Mrs. Sullivant as follows :
Hypnum Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss.
Plagiothecium Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss.
Leo Lesquereux. — Born in Fleurier, Switzerland, Nov. 18, 1806, died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1889. On entering the Academy of Neuchatel he met Arnold Guyot and together they became de- voted to natural science. In 1822 he went to Eisenach preparatory to entering the University of Berlin, supporting himself by teaching French. He was principal of a college at Chaux de Fonds but had to give this up on account of deafness. From this time he' did engraving, made watch springs, and studied Mosses and fossil plants.
In 1848 Lesquereux came to America settling at Cambridge, where he assisted Louis Agassiz; but he soon removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he lived until his death. He was a worthy associate of William S. Sullivant to whom in fact he was indebted by the most commendable generosity. He was a paleo-botanist and a student of Mosses. Many plants are named for him including a large number of fossil forms.
Lesquerella, a genus of Crueiferae.
Lesquereuxia, synonym of Siphonostegia, a genus of Scrophul- ariaceae.
Hysterographium Lesquereuxii, a species of Pyrenomycetous Fungi.
Webera Lescuriana, a species of Moss.
Bryum Lescuriauum. a species of Moss.
Archidium Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Atrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Fontinalis Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Hypnum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Orthotrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss,
Sphagnum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Thelia Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Alyssum Lescurii, a species of the Mustard Family.
Lepidophoroxs Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Lepidodendrum Lesquereuxii, synonym of L. clypeatum,a fossil plant.
36
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 8
Sphenopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Sphaerites Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Persoonia Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Buthotrephis Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Pecopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Cardiocarpon Lescurianuin, a fossil plant.
Triphyllopteris Lescuri, a fossil plant.
Odontopteris Lescurii, a fossil plant.
Sigillaria Lescurii, a fossil plant.
Sphenopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Taeniopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Triphyllopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Rhabdocarpus Lescuriauus, a fossil plant.
Thinfeldia Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant.
Laurinoxylon Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant.
John Strong Newberry.— Born at Windsor, Conn., Dec. 22, 1822, died in New York, Dec. 7, 1892. He graduated from Western Reserve College 1846 and from Cleveland Medical College 1848. He studied abroad for two years and then practiced medicine in Cleve- land until 1855 when he was appointed acting Surgeon and Geologist to an exploring expedition through the country between San Fran- cisco and the Columbia River. He went on several of these expeditions studying the botanical, zoological, and geological features of the country. In 1869 he was appointed Chief Geologist to the Geological Survey of Ohio.
In 1859 Newberry published the first State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. About 1865 he was made professor of Geology and palaeon- tology at Columbia College School of Mines which position he held until his death. His chief botanical work was in palaeo-botany though quite a number of living plants as well as many fossil species commemorate his name.
Newberrya, a genus of the Indian Pipe Family.
Gentiana Newberryi, a species of Gentian.
Abutilon Newberryi, a species of Malvaceae.
Leptosyne Newberryi, a species of Compositae.
Pentstemon Newberryi, synonym of P. menziesii, a species of Scrophulariaceae.
Potentilla Newberryi, synonyn of Ivesia gracillis, a species of Rosaceae.
Ferula Newberryi, synonym of Peucedanum Newberryi, a species Umbellifereae.
Astagolyous (Oxytropis) Newberryi, a species of the Legum- inous Family.
Notholaena Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Physaria Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Jan., 1901]
Armstrong — Ohio Botanists.
37
Coloptera Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Leucampyx Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Cardiocarpon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Dadoxylon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Odontopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Cordaites Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Pseudopecopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant, synonym of Sphen- opteris Newberryi.
Dictyophylon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Cardiocarpus Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Archaeopholon Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Viburnum Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Celastrophyllum Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Pecopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Taeniopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Platanus Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Laurus Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Myrica Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Salix Newberryana, a fossil plant.
H. C. Beardslee. — Born in Connecticut. Died December, 1884, in Painesville, O. He came to Ohio and became a practicing physician at Painesville. He published the second State Catalogue of Ohio Plants in 1874. This was a pamphlet of nineteen pages ; it was reprint- ed in the State Agricultural reports of 1877. After his death Dr. Beardslee’s herbarium of about 4000speci es, especially rich in Carices, Grasses, and Salices, was given to Oberlin College. The following species was named in bis honor:
Chantransia violacea Beardslei, a species of fresh-water Alga.
Andrew Price Morgan. — Born at Centerville near Dayton, Oct. 27, 1836, now living in Hamilton County. He has done much toward the development of Mycology in this country. He has made known a large number of higher fungi of the south-eastern part of Ohio. He is the author of many new species. A number of plants be- longing to the group of Fungi have been named in his honor, as fol- lows :
Boletus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae.
Polyporus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae.
Lepiota Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Russela Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Cantharellus Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Hypoxylon Morgani, a species of Pyrenomycetaceae.
There is also one species of Agaricineae named for Mrs. Morgan:
Hygrophorus Laurae, a species of Fungus.
38
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. ], No. 3
William Ashbrook Kellerman — Born at Ashville, Ohio May 1, 1850. He was educated at Cornell and the German Universi- ties, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1881.
For a time he was teacher of natural science in the Wisconsin State Normal School, later was professor of Botany and Zoology at the Kansas Agricultural College, State Botanist of Kansas, and Botanist of the Kansas Experiment Station. He was the founder and editor (for four years) of the Journal of Mycology. He has held the position of Professor of Botany in the Ohio State University since 1890 and is the author of a number of text-books and articles for bo- tanical journals. He has accumulated a very large and valuable private Herbarium of parasitic fungi, and a State Herbarium of the Flora of Ohio for the Ohio State University that already numbers many thousands of mounted sheets. The names given by botanists complimentary to his work are as follows:
Kellermannia, a genus of Sphaeropsideous fungi.
Aecidium Kellermannii, a species of Uredineae.
Plasmopora Kellermannii, a species of Phycomycetous Fungi.
Rosellinia Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeriaceous Fungi.
Rhabdospora Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeropsideous Fungi.
Diaporthe Kellermanniana, a species of Pyrenomycetous Fungi.
Physcomitrium Kellermani, a species of acrocarpous Moss.
Miss H. F. Biddlecome. — Of Columbus, formerly of Spring- field, assiduously collected and studied the flora of Greene and Champaign counties, Ohio She discovered a species of Moss and one of Liverwort which have been named in her honor.
Bryum Biddlecomiae, a pleurocarpous (Moss.
Trichocolea Biddlecomiae, a species of Hepaticae, or Livenvort.
F. D. Kelsey. — Born at New Washington. Ind., Feb. 15, 1849, but early moved to southern Ohio where he lived until 1856, when he moved to Columbus. He was graduated from Marietta College in 1870 The next year he went to Andover Theological Seminary where lie graduated in 1.S74. He served Congregational Churches until 1885 when he moved to Helena. Montana. Here he made collections and distributed the local flora. The College of Montana conferred on him the degree of Sc. D.
In 1892 lie was elected Professor of Botany at Oberlin College, which position he held until 1897, when he accepted the pastorate of the Central Congregational Church in Toledo, which lie now holds. He is also lecturer on Botany at the Smead School for Girls at Toledo, Onio. While professor at Oberlin he published several bulletins of local interest, and one monograph of Uncinula, with miscroscopic drawings of all American species. There are several species named in his honor, as follows:
Kelseya, a monotypic genus of Rosaceae.
Cucurbitaria Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi.
Homostegia Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi.
Crvptanthe Kelseyi, a species of Boraginaceae.
Phlox Kelseyi, a species of Polemoniaceae.
Jan., 1901 ]
Schaffner — Height of Plants.
39
THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF PLANTS. II.
John H. Schaffner.
Last spring the writer published a few measurements of some common western plants in the Asa Gray Bulletin ( Vol. 8: 19-20). A few other measurements are given below, all from Kansas except four which are from Ohio. It would be well for all collectors to keep re- cords of the size of the plants which they meet, including measure- ments of the height and also dimensions of theleaves, flowers, fruits and underground parts. In this way the manual of the future may be brought to represent more accurately the living plant as it grows in nature rather than the dried, shrunken and dwarf specimens of the herbarium.
|
Gray |
Britton |
1 Measured Feet |
|
|
Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv |
4 |
||
|
Asparagus officinalis L |
7 |
||
|
Polvgonum orientate L. (Ohio) |
8 |
9 |
|
|
Allionia nyctaginea Michx |
3 |
3 |
5 |
|
(Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sw.) |
|||
|
Silene antirrhina L |
2>J |
2 iz |
3 |
|
Argemone alba Lestib Lepidium virginicum L Baptisia leucantha T. & G |
4 |
5 2K |
|
|
Amorpha canescens Nutt |
3 |
3 |
|
|
Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.) Kuntze |
2 |
3K |
|
|
(Petalostemon candidus Michx.) |
|||
|
Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze |
4 |
3 |
8 |
|
(Desmanthus brachylobus Benth.) |
|||
|
Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp |
IK |
||
|
(Oenothera serrulata Nutt.) |
|||
|
Gaura biennis L |
8 |
5 |
10J |
|
Apocynum cannabinum L |
3 |
8 |
|
|
Marrubium vulgare L |
3 |
3K |
|
|
Datura tatula L. (Ohio) |
5 |
7 |
|
|
Verbascum thapsus L. (Ohio) |
7 |
8 |
|
|
Cicuta maculata L |
6 |
6 |
7K |
|
Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L MacM |
5 |
8 |
|
|
(S. vulgaris Michx.) |
|||
|
Dipsacus fullonum L. (Ohio) |
6 |
||
|
Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britt |
2 |
3 |
|
|
(Specularia perfoliata A. I) C.) |
|||
|
Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don |
2 |
2K |
2|- |
|
(Leptachys columnaris T. & G.) |
|||
|
Achillea millefolium L |
2 |
2K |
40
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 3
CAMPUS BIRDS
A List of Birds Recorded by the Wheaton Ornithological Club, for the O. S. LT. Farm and Campus.
Robert F. Griggs.
The first list of Campus birds was published by the Wheaton Club in the “Agricultural Student” for March, 1893. Since that time a number of additional species have been reported and it has been thought advisable to republish the entire list, inserting the additions in their proper places. The list below contains 137 species. It is compiled from the records of the Wheaton Club, excepting those species for which Prof. J. R. Taylor is given credit. Only those species of which nests, eggs, or fledgelings have been ob- served are reported as breeding. The names are preceded by the A. O. U. check list number. Further additions will be published from time to time.
Old. Pygopodes.
Fam. Podicipidae. Grebes.
6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.) Pied-billed Grebe, occasional. Old. Anseres.
Fam. Anatidae. Ducks, Geese, etc.
137. Anas americana Gmel. American Widgeon, Bald-pate, occasional.
154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.) Old squaw, occasional.
172. Branta canadensis (Linn.) Canada Goose, regular migrant.
Ord. Herodiones.
Fam. Ardeidae. Herons and Bitterns.
190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.) American Bittern.
191. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.) Least Bittern, accidental.
(J. R. Taylor.)
194. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.
201. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron, common, breeds.
Ord. Paludicolae.
Fam. Rallidae. Rails, Gallinules, etc.
Fulica Americana Gmel. Coot, occasional.
221.
Jan., 1901]
Griggs — Campus Birds.
41
Ord. Limicolae.
Fam. Scolopacidae. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.
228. Philohela minor (Gmel.) American Woodcock.
280. Gallinago delicata (Ord.) Wilson’s Snipe.
256. Totanus solitarius (Wils.) Solitary Sandpiper, occasional.
268. Actitis macularia (Linn.) Spotted Sandpiper, common.
Fam. Charadriidae. Plovers.
273. ^Egialitis vocifera (Linn.) Killdeer, common, breeds.
Ord. Gallinae.
Fam. Tetraonidae. Grouse, etc.
289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.) Quail, generally one or two flocks, breeds.
Ord. Columbae.
Fam. Columbidae. Pigeons and Doves.
316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) Mourning dove, abundant, breeds.
Ord. Raptores.
Fam. Cathartidae. American Vultures.
325. Cathartes aura (Linn.) Turkey Buzzard, occasional.
Fam. Falconidae. Hawks.
383. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.) Cooper’s hawk, occasional.
337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.) Red-tailed hawk, occasional.
343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.) Broad-winged hawk.
360. Falco sparverius Linn. American sparrow hawk, common, breeds.
364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.) American Osprey, accidental, reported by Mr. C. B. Morrey, during a spring flood.
Fam. Bubonidae. Horned Owls.
373. Megascops asio (Linn.) Screech Owl, common, breeds.
375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.) Great Horned Owl, occasional.
Ord. Coccyges.
Fam. Cuculidae. Cuckoos, etc.
387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo, common,
breeds.
388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Black-billed Cuckoo.
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Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 8
Fam. AiiCEDiNiDAE. Kingfishers.
390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Belted King-fisher, common, breeds.
Ord. Pioi.
Fam. Picidae. Woodpeckers.
393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.) Hairy Woodpecker, common, resident.
39-1. Dryobates pubescens (Linn.) Downy Woodpecker, common, resident, breeds.
402. Sphyrapicus varias (Linn.) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, migra nt.
400. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.) Red-beaded Woodpecker common, breeds.
409. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.) Red-bellied Woodpecker, resident.
412. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) Flicker, common resident, breeds. Ord. Macrochires.
Fam. Caphimuegtdae. Night-hawks, etc.
417. Antrostomus voci ferns (Wils.) Whip-poor-will.
420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.) Night-hawk.
Fam. Micropodidae. Swifts.
423. Chaetnra pelagica (Linn.) Chimney Swift, common, breeds.
Fam. Trochieidae. Hummingbirds.
428. Trochilus colubris (Linn.) Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Ord. Passeres.
Fam. Tyrannidae. Flycatchers.
414. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.) Kingbird, common, breeds.
452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn) Crested Flycatcher.
456. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.) Phoebe, common.
461. Contopus virens (Linn.) Wood Pewee.
466a. Empidonax traillii (Aud.) Traill’s Flycatcher, breeds.
467. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. (J. R. Taylor.)
Fam. Alaudidae. Larks.
474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.) Shore Lark, winter visitant.
474b. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie Horned Lark.
Jan., 1901]
Griggs — Campus Birds.
43
Fam. Corvidae. Crows, etc.
477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Blue Jay, common resident, breeds.
488. Corvus americanus Aud. Crow, seen at all seasons.
Fam. Icteridae. Brackbirds, etc.
494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.) Bobolink, common.
495. Molothrus at'er (Bodd.) Cowbird, common, breeds.
498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.) Red-winged Blackbird.
501. Sturnella magna (Linn.) Meadow Lark, common, breeds.
500. Icterus spurius (Linn.) Orchard Oriole.
507. Icterus galbula (Linn.) Baltimore Oriole, common, breeds.
509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.) Rusty Blackbird.
511b. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Rid gw.) Bronzed Grackle, Crow Blackbird, common, breeds abundantly.
Fam. Fringillidae. Finches and Sparrows.
517. Carpodacus purpurens (Gmel.) Purple Finch.
— . Passer domesticus (Linn.) English Sparrow, superabundant, breeds.
529. Spinus tristis (Linn.) American Goldfinch, common.
533. Spinus pinus (Wils.) Pine Siskin.
540. Poocaetes gramineus (Gmel.) Vesper Sparrow, common, breeds.
542a. Ammodramus sandwiehensis savanna (Wils.) Savannah Sparrow.
546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.) Grasshopper Sparrow, almost certainly breeds though no nest has been found.
552. Chondestes grammacus (Say.) Lark Sparrow.
554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) White-crowned Sparrow.
558 Zonotrichia albieollis (Gmel.) White-throated Sparrow.
559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.) Tree Sparrow, common, winter
resident.
560. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Chipping Sparrow, common, breeds. 563. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Field Sparrow.
567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.) Snow-bird, common, winter resident. 581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.) Song Sparrow, abundant, resident, breeds.
583. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.) Lincoln’s Sparrow.
584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.) Swamp Sparrow.
585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Fox Sparrow.
587. Pipilio erythropthalmus (Linn.) Towhee, common resident.
44
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 8
593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linu.) Cardinal, common resident, breeds.
598. Passerina cyanea (Linn.) Indigo Bunting, common, breeds. 604. Spiza americana (Gmel.) Dickcissel.
Fam. Tanagridae. Tanagers.
608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager.
610. Piranga rubra (Linn.) Summer Tanager, May, 4, 1899. (J. R.
Taylor.)
Fam. Hirukdinidae. Swallows.
611. Progne subis (Linn.) Purple Martin, common.
613. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.) Barn Swallow, common, breeds.
617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (And.) Rough-winged Swallow.
Fam. Ampklidae. Waxwings.
619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Cedar-bird, Cherry-bird.
Fam. Laniidae. Shrikes.
622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.
Fam. VlREONIDAE. VlREOS.
624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) Red-eyed Vireo, breeds.
627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.) Warbling Vireo, common spring
migrant.
628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo
629. Vireo solitarius (Wils,) Blue-headed Vireo.
Fam. Mniotiltidae. Wood Warblers.
636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Black and White Creeper, common migrant.
639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.) Worm-eating Warbler.
641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.) Blue-winged Warbler.
642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.) Golden-winged Warbler.
(J. R. Taylor.)
645. Helminthophila ruficapilla (Wils.) Nashville Warbler.
(J. R. Taylor.)
647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.) Tennessee Warbler.
648. Compsothlypis americana (Linn.) Parula Warbler.
650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.) Cape May Warbler.
652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.) Summer Warbler, common, breeds.
654. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.) Black-throated, Blue Warbler.
Jan.. 1901] Griggs — Campus Birds. 45
655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.) Yellow-rumped Warbler, Myrtle Warbler.
657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.) Magnolia Warbler.
659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.) Chestnut-sided Warbler.
660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bay-breasted Warbler.
661. Dendroica striata (Forst.) Black-poll Warbler, common fall
migrant.
662. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.) Blackburnian Warbler.
667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.) Black-throated Green Warbler.
671. Dendroica vigorsii (And.) Pine Warbler.
672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.) Palm Warbler.
674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.) Ovenbird.
675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) Water-thrush.
676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill. ) Louisiana Water-thrush. (J. R.
Taylor.)
677. Geothlypis formosa ( Wils.) Kentucky Warbler.
678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils ) Connecticut Warbler.
681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Maryland Yellow-throat.
683. Icteria virens (Linn.) Yellow-breasted Chat, breeds.
684. Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.) Hooded Warbler.
685. Sylvania pusilla (Wils.) Wilson’s Warbler. (J. R. Taylor.) 687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) American Redstart, common
migrant.
Fam. Tkoglodytidae. Wrens, etc.
704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.) Cat-bird, common, breeds
abundantly.
705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.) Brown Thrasher, common,
breeds.
718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.) Carolina Wren, common resident, breeds.
721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren, common, breeds.
722. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Winter Wren.
Fain. Certhiidae. Creepers.
726. Certhia' familiaris americana (Bonap.) Brown Creeper, com-
mon winter visitant.
Fam. Paridae. Nuthatches, etc.
727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch, com-
mon resident.
728. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch, migrant.
731. Parus bicolor (Linn.) Tufted Titmouse, common resident.
735. Parus atricapillus (Linn.) Chicadee.
46
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 3
Fam. Sylviidae. Kinglets, etc.
748. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet, common.
749. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.) Blue-gray Gnatcatcber.
Fam. Turdidae. Thrushes, etc
755. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush, common, breeds.
756. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Wilson’s Thrush, Veery.
757. Turdus aliciae Baird. Gray-cheeked Thrush.
758a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.) Olive-backed Thrush. 759b. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.) Hermit Thrush.
761. Merula migratoria (Linn.) American Robin, abundant, breeds.
766. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Bluebird, common.
MINOR PLANT NOTES. No. 1.
W. A. Kellerman.
An introductory paragraph to this series may be short as will be the notes that follow. Suffice therefore to say that from time to time the field jottings and short notes of observations on the plants of our State flora will be presented. Not only those made myself but others which may be kindly communicated to me for this pur- pose by botanists, amateurs, students and other observers will find a place in the series. An especial invitation is extended to pupils in our High Schools and to teachers throughout the State to contribute suitable material which in many cases may be of great interest and importance. Sub-heads will be used thus making it possible to scan the notes easily.
Puccinia smilacis. — This Black Rust which has the various species of Green Briar for its host, was noticed in extraordinary quantity the past season in Scioto, Adams and Brown Counties. It was abundant only on Smilax glauca — called in that region the Saw Brier — but not uncommonly occurred on S. hispida and S. rotundifolia. It was also remarkable in this respect namely that the teleutospores (the black or winter spores) were excessively abundant: the uredospores (red or) summer spores) could be found only when search was made. The observation here recorded pertains to the first half of the month of November. I have occasionally noticed uredospores in quantity on Smilax leaves in the various parts of Ohio but never before found the winter-spores common. It should perhaps be added parenthetically that Dicteoma having the priority over Puccinia is really the generic name that should be used, but the commoner designation may here be tolerated.
Jan., 1900] Kellerman — Plant Notes. 47
Querqus acuminata. — The Chestnut or Yellow Oak (name in Gray’s Manual Quercus Muhlenbergii) is described as “a tall tree with thin flaky bark” (Gray), or “ a tree with gray flaky bark” (Britton); and in fact many of the White Oaks are said to have “ flaky ” bark. The Quercus acuminata is very abundant in central Ohio and is of common occurrence in many parts of the State. It is rare that the “flakiness” of the bark or a tendency to separate in plates, is pronounced or conspicuous in our Chestnut Oak trees. The single good example I have found is here shown in Fig. 1 reproduced
Fig 1. Fig. 2.
from a photograph of a specimen growing in Hayden’s ravine near Columbps. Both trees shown are the same species but the smaller one has merely furrowed, not flaky, bark, and it is a fair represen- tative of the trunks of this Oak as they occur in our vicinity. The usual form of bark is perhaps more clearly shown in Fig. 2, which is from a photograph of a large ti’ee standing near the Horticultural Hall of the Ohio State University. This specimen has leaves re- markably narrow for Q. acuminata but the trunk is similar in appearance to the trees which have broad leaves.
Helianthus Maximiliani. — Maximilian’s Sunflower whose habitat and range are given in Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora as “on dry prairies, Minnesota, and Manitoba to the Northwest
48
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 3
Territory, Nebraska and Texas” may be said to be out of place in Ohio. Yet Mr. R. F. Griggs found it (a single plant) in the season of 1900 (cf. O. S. U. Naturalist, 1 :16) at Sandusky, Erie County. In a package of interesting plants sent to the State Herbarium recently by Mr. Otto Hacker, tine herbarium specimens of this conspicuous species were furnished. Mr. Hacker says that he observed it near Painesville (Lake County) six or seven years ago by railway tracks, where it is still flourishing.
Lotus corniculatus — This European Lotus, with such com- mon names as Bird’s foot, Trefoil, Ground Honeysuckle, Bloom-fell, Crowtoes, Cat’s-clover, and Sheepfoot, was collected at Painesville by Mr. Otto Hacker in nursery grounds. This is the second time this waif has been recorded for Ohio, the first case being reported by Mr. Ricksecker, of Oberlin
NEWS AND NOTES.
Prof. Thomas A. Williams, editor-in-chief of the Asa Gray Bulletin and assistant chief of the Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, died on the morning of Dec. 23, 1900.
At the 10th annual meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science, held at Columbus, on December 26 and 27, thirty-one papers were read — 12 pertaining to botany, 8 to zoology, 6 to geology, 3 to meteorology, and 2 to anthropology. The following are the officers for the coming year: President, August I). Selby, Wooster; 1st
Vice Pres., Rev. H. Herzer, Marietta; 2nd Vice Pres , Mrs. W. A. Kellennan,' Columbus ; Secretary, E. L. Moseley, Sandusky; Treas- urer, Herbert Osborn, Columbus; members of executive committee besides the president, secretary and treasurer, Thos. Bonser, Carey;
Lynds Jones, Oberlin; trustees, F. M. AVebster, Wooster; H. C. Beardslee, Cleveland; AV. R. Lazenby, Columbus; publication com- mittee, F. M. AVebster, Wooster; John H. Schaffner, Columbus; L- t
H. McFadden, AVesterville ; Librarian, AV. C. Mills, Columbus.
Since some criticism has been made, both at home and abroad, on the name of The O. S. U. Naturalist, it has been thought best to make a slight change by dropping the words, State University. Although a change in name is unfortunate it will not be very serious at the present time and hereafter the name will be The Ohio Naturalist, which is perhaps more descriptive of the scope of the journal and much better for purposes of citation.
J. H. S.
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Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit.
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A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily.
Price reduced from 25 cents to 10 cents.
Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants.
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Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kell-rman’s Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply.
For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address
W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio
American Entomological Co.
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Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 cents £eBUunydeers
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ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology.
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in Nature, their relations to out u • ther and to the human race , Designed for one -half year's work in high schools. Send for sample pages.
ANIMAL FORMS : A Second Book of Zoology.
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D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, Neiv York , Chicago, London.
Recent Scientific Works
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T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised “Compend” of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standam works of Dana, — The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and i lie New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in Chemistry, I He approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by .the leading colleges; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series “ Scientific Memoirs” edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready.
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THE OHIO
naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Associate Editors:
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Volume 1.
February ,!II90t Number 4
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PRESS OF HANN <S ADAIR
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THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
THE OHIO NATURALIST
CONTENTS
The Corning Oil and Gas Field 49
J. A. Bownocker
Twelve Additions to the Ohio Plant List 59
W. A . Kellerman .
A new species of Gomphus and its near Relatives 60
James S. Hiue
A Comparative Study of Gomphus furcifer and villosipes 61
James S. Sine
Notes from Botanical Literature 63
IV. A ■ Kellerman
Meeting of the Biological Club....
James S ■ Sine, Sec.
66
0fyio Zlaturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Vol. 1. FEBRUARY, J90I No. 4
THE CORNING OIL AND GAS FIELD. *
J. A. Bownocker
Area. — This field lies in the three counties, Athens, Perry and Morgan. Leaving out of consideration at present a few small out- lying pools, and starting at the south, the productive territory may be said to begin in Section 22, Triinple township, Athens county. From this point it runs almost due north to the Perry county line. The widest part of this portion of the field does pot exceed one-half mile, while the narrowest portion permits of a single row only of wells.
It enters Monroe township, Perry county in Section 33, and runs almost due north towards Corning, but bends to the northeast about one mile south of that place. Here the productive territory attains a maximum width of 3 miles, the greatest in the field. The northeast course is continued to the Morgan county line, where it turns due north, skirting that line with a productive strip about one-half mile mide for 2 % miles, when it turns slightly to the east, entering Morgan county in Section 31 of Deerfield township. From that place it ex- tends through Section 30 and into Section 19, beyond which it has not been traced Development of this part of the field is retarded by floods of salt water which may limit it in this direction. The total length of the field is about 14 miles.
Outside of this belt are four pools, two of which are of little importance. One lies around Glouster, and has an area of less than one square mile. A second one lies in Sections 22 and 29, a short distance northwest of Glouster. This is the principal territory from which the gas of Corning and surrounding towns is derived. A third pool lies around Porterville, and the fourth known as the Oakfield lies from 3 to 5 miles north of Corning. It includes parts of sections 5, 21, 28, 29, 32, and 33 of Pleasant aud 22, 27 and 34 of Bearfield townships. It is in this pool that the most extensive work is being done at the present time.
* Published by permission of Edward Orton, Jr., State Geologist.
50
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 4
Discovery. — Probably the first deep well drilled in the Sunday Creek Valley was near Burr Oak, about 4 miles south of Corning. Its date is not now known, but it must have been 40 or more years ago. Its depth is likewise unknown, but it is reported to have pen- etrated the salt sand. To this day it flows salt water, and with it sufficient gas to be ignited. This well, however, seems not to have aroused suspicion that there might be valuable liquids other than salt water buried in the rocks.
The discovery of oil in the Corning field was a matter of accident, and resulted directly from a scarcity of water for the Toledo and Ohio Central railroad. To remedy this a deep well was drilled in August, 1891, at the round house, about three-fourths of a mile south of Corning. The only water found was in the salt sand which is reported as having been struck at a depth of 630 feet. The supply was copious, but the salinity prevented its being used in locomotives. This brine was shut out of the well by casing and the drill forced down to a depth of 1607 feet. Finding no water at that depth the work ceased, but a few days later oil was thrown to the top of the derrick, and there were smaller eruptions later. However further disturbances of this sort were prevented by the company closing the well.
Development.— The disclosure made by this well attracted the attention of oil men who immediately entered the field and began leasing territory. The citizens of Corning feared the territory was falling into the hands of the Standard Oil Company, and that it might not under such conditions be developed for years. According- ly a home company styled “The Sunday Creek Oil & Gas Company,” was organized in February, 1892, to make certain the development of the territory. The capital stock was placed at $10,000 in shares of $50, and $8900 of the stock was sold. Much of this was raised by citizens of the town subscribing for single shares.
The new Company was successful. By January 1st. 1898, 255% in dividends had actually been paid the stock holders. In September, 1898, a power for pumping the wells, and costing over $7000, was erected, the contractor taking the product of the wells until it paid for the plant. In November, 1899, the property together with $1250 — the amount received in excess of the cost of the plant— was turned over to the original holders. The power is now (July 1, 1900,) pump- ing 20 wells, which have a daily production of 40 barrels.
The first well drilled by this Company was on the William Fisher farm in northwest quarter section 14, Monroe township, Perry county. The Berea was struck at 1012 feet, but the indications were so unfav- orable for a paying well that it was not considered advisable to shoot it. However, on June 2d, 1892, after waiting nearly a month, the well was shot with 80 quarts of nitro-glycerine, which had been hauled from Sistersville, W. Va. The cost of the shot was $200. The
ATHENS 00.
Feb., 1901] Bownocker — The Corning Fields. 51
MORGAN CO.
52
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 4
first day following the shooting of the well it produced 12 barrels, and a year later was still producing 10 barrels per day. Following this other wells were drilled in sections 14 and 15. In all 25 have been drilled, only 3 of which were dry holes.
Other companies began work and the territory was rapidly leased and tested. Naturally operations began near the round house where oil had first been shown to exist. From this as a center the drill moved out in all directions until the limits of the field had been dis- closed. The later work has been along the northeast end of the ter- ritory in Morgan county, where the oil seems to be shut out by reser- voirs of salt water. During the present summer (1900) the valuable pool in the Oakfield district has been developed, though small wells had been found there several years earlier. The principal farms are the Porter, Longstreth, Donnelly. Monahan, McDonald and Grenen. The first well was on the Porter farm and was finished early in 1900. Its production was 35 barrels the first day. The second well was on the Monahan farm. It was completed soon after the Porter well and had an initial flow of 45 barrels in 24 hours. The next two wells were drilled on the Longstreth farm, and both were fair producers. Early in the Spring'a well was completed on the Donnelly farm and flowed 125 barrels the first day. Other wells on this farm are much smaller. Two wells on the Grenen farm began flowing 675 and 90 barrels respectively. It is interesting to note that the development of this, the richest part of the Corning field, occurred late in the ter- ritory’s history. Possibly other pools of equal richness may yet be discovered lying near the principal field.
An important step inithe development of the field occurred on August 13th, 1893 when the Buckeye Pipe Line was completed. Be- fore that the oil was transported by tank cars. The oil which is brought to the tanks partly by gravity and partly by suction, the latter being produced by an 8 horse-power gas engine, is stored in two iron tanks, one of which has a capacity of 30,000, and the- other 28,000 barrels. From these tanks the oil is forced to Elba, a distance of 34 miles, through a 4 inch line. This work is done by a 35 horse power engine which gives a pressure in the line of from 700 to 1000 pounds per square inch. The rate at which the oil is transported varies with the temperature. In the summer when the oil is warm, and hence thin, 128 barrels may be pumped in one hour, but in the winter when the oil is cold and thick the transportation may be re- stricted to 11 barrels for the same period.
When the pipe line was completed the production of the field was about 500 barrels per day. It increased to 1300 barrels in 1896, but since then has declined. At present it ranges from 800 to 900 bar- rels per day. The total production of the field is shown by the fol- lowing letter:
Feb., 1901]
Bownocker — The Corning Fields.
53
The Buckeye Pipe Line Company — Macksburg Division.
Oil City, Pennsylvania, October 25th, 1900.
J. A. Bownocker, Esq., Columbus, Ohio:
Dear Sir — Your favor of October 18th to Superintendent N. Moore, asking for the total production by years of the Corning Field, has been referred to me. Below please find the figures of oil received by The Buckeye Pipe Line Company from the Corning Field from August, 1893, to September, 1900:
Part of Year 1893 128,918.03 Bbls.
Year 1894 322,313.71 “
Year 1895.., 428,385.03 “
Year 1896 469,258.78 “
Year 1897 328,188.11 “
Year 1898 196,417.75 “
Year 1899 211,060.22 “
January 1st to July 31st, 1900.. 143,314.96 “
August, 1900 26,929.66 11
September, 1900 22,517.67 “
Total 2,277,303.90 Bbls.
July 31st, 1900, completes the first seven years production and thinking you might prefer to use the even years, I have given you the figures for the year 1900 to July 31st in one lump and the oil taken from that field for the months of August and September sepa- rately.
Trusting this will answer your purposes, I remain
Yours truly,
J. R. Campbell, Treasurer.
Leases. — At first the operators paid no bonuses, but gave a royalty of one-eighth of the oil to the land owners — a rate of com- pensation that has been usually maintained. To this there is one exception worthy of note. When the round-house well showed the existence of oil, and operators began leasing the surrounding territory, Fredrick Weaver, a thrifty German farmer residing a short distance east from the round-house, quietly visited the oil fields of Washington, Pennsylvania, and investigated the methods of leasing oil territory in that field. When he returned home he demanded a royalty of one-fourth the oil and a bonus of $200 for each of the eight wells which it was proposed should be drilled on his farm of eighty acres, and since his territory was regarded as very promising, these rather severe terms were granted. However, after drilling six wells, and the territory not meeting expectations, the contractors complained and Mr. Weaver generously reduced the bonus. More recently a royalty of one-sixth the oil has been re- ceived by holders of lands that were deemed especially promising..
54
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 4
and bonuses also have been received. The leases usually required that a well be drilled in from thirty to sixty days, but sometimes, especially in the least promising territory, six months were allowed.
That the field was a monopoly for no one is shown by the fol- lowing list, which includes the chief operators of the district:
Corning Oil Company.
Denman & Thompson.
O’Connel Oil Company.
Brooks Oil Company.
Caldron & Snyder.
Sunday Creek Oil & Gas Company. Perry County Oil Company.
W. B. Barker & Company. Cleveland Oil Company.
Keystone Oil Company.
W. E. Detlor.
William Rosier.
J. H. Van Wormer.
Northeast Oil Company.
Becker Oil Company.
Allen, Sternberg & Company. Bolivar Oil Company.
William McMullen.
A. Bulger & Company.
Corning Natural Gas Company.
L. D. Langmade.
Harrington Brothers.
Ohio Oil Company.
Church Oil Company.
Monroe Oil & Gas Company. Weaver Brothers.
W. B. Irwin & Company.
George Best & Company.
Foster & Moran.
Fallen Rock Company.
Ohlviler & Chambers.
Mill Oil Company.
Hemlock Oil Company.
John Holden.
Wells & Foraker.
Longfellow & Stevens.
Russell Metzger.
McGee & Stewart.
Stratton & Mark.
National Oil Company.
Feb., 1901]
Bownocker — The Corning Fields.
55-
Geology oe the Region.— The surface of the territory lies in the Lower Productive and Lower Barren coal measurers. The highest hills reach up to or extend above the Ames or Crinoidal limestone. In fact along the northeast extremity of the field the hills are capped by the limestones which underlie the Pittsburgh coal. The deepest valley — that of Sunday Creek — cuts through the Middle Kittanning coal, a short distance north of Corning, but at this town the seam named is under cover, while the Upper Freeport coal is at about drainage level.
The succession of strata under ground is shown by the following record kept and furnished the Survey by Mr. G. W. Delong, Super- intendent of Schools, Corning. The well is located on lot 151 of the town just named, and the top of the well lies at the base of the Mahoning sandstone:
|
Thickness of |
Total |
||
|
Stratum |
Thickness |
||
|
Shale |
25 feet |
25 feet |
|
|
Bastard Lime |
15 11 |
40 |
tl |
|
Sand |
10 “ |
50 |
it |
|
Coal (No. 6) |
10 “ |
60 |
t t |
|
White Slate |
65 “ |
125 |
l t- |
|
Sand |
15 “ |
140 |
1 1 |
|
White Slate |
25 |
165 |
It- |
|
Blue |
10 “ |
175 |
1 1- |
|
Sand |
185 |
It- |
|
|
Slate |
235 |
it |
|
|
Shale |
27o |
i t |
|
|
Sand |
300 |
tl |
|
|
Black Shale |
310 |
tt |
|
|
Lime |
25 “ |
335 |
“ |
|
Shale with Concretions |
100 “ |
435 |
1 1 |
|
Slate |
460 |
(1 |
|
|
Limestone'!?) |
30 “ |
490 |
tt |
|
Shale |
35 “ |
525 |
It. |
|
Salt Sand |
30 “ |
555 |
•> |
|
White Slate |
655 |
tt- |
|
|
Slate and Concretions |
680 |
it |
|
|
Shale . |
695 |
tt- |
|
|
Little Salt Sand |
20 * “ |
715 |
tt |
|
White Slate |
815 |
tt |
|
|
Slate and Concretions |
915 |
tt |
|
|
Brown Shale |
955 |
tt |
|
|
Black Shale |
993 |
tl |
|
|
Top Berea |
993 |
It |
|
|
Bottom of Berea |
1008 |
tt |
56
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 4
The depth of the well as shown by the steel line is 1012% feet. It was drilled in the Fall of 1896, and was shot with twenty quarts of nitro-glycerine. It began flowing thirty barrels per day, but the production has diminished until at present it is producing only one barrel per day. Below the Berea the Bedford shales are found in their normal conditions.
The Oil Sand. — This is in all cases the Berea. The sand has the light gray color so common in this formation in other parts of the state. It is moderately fine grained, but there is considerable variation in this respect. Usually it is a pure quartz sand, but occasionally has thin layers of dark shaly material running through it. In thickness it shows considerable variation, but never disap- pears in this field. The normal thickness is usually given as twenty feet and the maximum reported is eighty feet. This depth was found on the Potts farm about one and one-fourth miles northeast of Corning, and on the O’Farrell farm about two miles east from the same town. In both cases a dark gray shale, probably the Ohio, lay below. The Bedford on this theory had been swept away before the Berea was deposited. In such abnormal depths the additions always appear to be on the bottom, showing that the surface of the under- lying Bedford shale was quite uneven. Here, as elsewhere in the state, the drill shows the upper surface of the Berea to be uniform. It is worthy of note that the production of oil does not vary as the thickness of the sand. In fact in this field the great thicknesses are generally poor producers.
The “pay streak” or that containing the oil and gas ranges in thickness from 3 to 8 feet, but very few of the wells attain the max- imum figure. Tow'ards the margin of the prodctive field the “pay streak” thins, and finally disappears. The top of the “pay” usually lies from 10 to 15 feet below the surface of the Berea. As a rule the “pay” is coarser than other parts of the Berea, and generally the coarser the rock the larger the well. Sometimes in the thick part of the Berea there are two “pay streaks.”
The Wells. — The number of wells producing July 1, 1900, ex- ceeded 600. About 100 dry holes have been drilled and about an equal number of wells have been abandoned, so that 800 is a fair ap- proximation of the total number of wells drilled in the field. As a rule a well has been put down for each 8 to 10 acres of surface terri- tory.
The wells have been cased through the salt sand, a depth of 555 feet in the valley at Corning. The casing has almost invariably been
inches, inside measurement. The rocks comprising the underly- ing 160-180 feet, and terminating with the “Little Salt Sand” have fur- nished some water which has been disasterous to the wells. It re- duced the gas pressure, thus necessitating pumping the wells earlier than otherwise would have been required, and perhaps prematurely
Feb., 1901]
Bownocker — The Corning Fields.
57
destroying the life of the well. Had the wells been cased through the “Little Salt Sand” time and money would have been saved, and the production of the field would have been larger.
The western side of the field is quite free from salt water. It is on that side that the principal gas territory lies. On the easern side of the field the conditions are more variable. In Trimble township, Athens county, the wells are free from water, while in Monroe town- ship, Perry county, salt water is found in the northeast corner, and in Morgan county it is so abundant that operating is prevented. From this it appears that the western side of the Corning field is free from salt water, and that it is absent also on the eastern side at the southern margin of the territory, but that it increases rapidly to the northeast.
While the production of the wells after being shot has varied greatly, yet they have not furnished the great extremes that many other fields have. Few, if any of the wells, have started better than 125 barrels per day, and it has been estimated that the average for the entire field has been 20 barrels.
The wells have sufficient gas pressure to flow them during the earlier part of their lives, but later as the pressure diminishes they have to be pumped. Since the eastern side of the field has salt water the wells there have to be pumped earlier than those on the western side.
The Gas Wells.— The principal gas territory is that along Muddy Fork in Sections 22 and 29 Trimble township, Athens county, the best wells being found in the western half of the latter section on the lands of the Hocking Coal and Railroad company. The largest well in this field started at 3,000,000 cubic feet per day with a rock pressure of 400 pounds. It was drilled in the fall of 1897, and one year later was producing 2,000,000 cubic feet per day, and still another year later 1,500,000 cubic feet. Of the other wells in this territory two started at 2,000,000 feet each, two at 1,000,000 feet each, and three at 500,000 feet each. The decline in the smaller wells was not as rapid as in the larger ones since the demands made on them were not as heavy. Thus far no dry boles have been found in this territory. The reliance of the community is on this field where 5,000 acres are leased in one block.
Another district that has yielded considerable gas is that at Oakfield about 3 miles north of Corning. These wells started at 2,000,000, 1,500,000, 500,000, and 250,000 cubic feet per day respectively. Two of the smaller of these have been abandoned after having pro- duced for two years. The largest of these wells, now four years old, is producing 500,000 cubic feet per day, and the second largest, now three years old, is producing the same amount. The wells in this field produce considerable oil and by some are rated as oil wells rather than gas ones.
58
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 4
Outside of these two places an occasional strip is found that pro- duces gas in paying quantities. Thus about one mile northeast of Corning two wells were drilled, which combined produced 500,000 cubic feet per day. They produced three years and were then aban- doned. About two miles north of Corning a good well was drilled on the Newberry farm. It started at 1,500,000 cubic feet per day, had an initial rock pressure of 400 pounds and lasted three years.
Another productive tract lies about 6 miles northeast of Corning on the Finley, Devore and Stoneburner farms. Three wells were drilled on the Finley farm, and started one at 1,500,000 and two at 250,000 cubic feet, with an initial rock pressure of 400 pounds. These wells lasted three years.
The operators of the wells have been much troubled with salt water in the Muddy Fork field and with oil in the Oakfield territory. Salt water is removed by “ blowing ” the wells. For this operation the wells are closed for a short period, usually about 30 minutes, allowing the gas pressure to increase; when this has become sufficiently strong the well is opened at the top and the gas then blows the water from the well. When the well has been cleansed in this manner it is closed and the gas turned back into the mains. Sometimes, however, the weight of the water is so great that the gas cannot drive it from the well in the manner just stated, especially is this true with wells that have been in use for a con- siderable period. Then an iron rod attached to a long pole is let down through the water, is raised and lowered, and the gas follow- ing the pole in its ascent finally drives the water from the well. This method of cleaniug is known as “ agitating.” Finally the pressure of the gas becomes so small that it cannot lift the water with the help of “ agitatiug,” and then the well is dead. In winter time each well is cleaned every other day, and in the summer twice a week.
The gas wells in the Corning field are owned and operated by the Corning Natural Gas Company. It supplies Jacksonville, Trimble, Glouster, Murray City, New Straitsville, Shawnee, Hemlock, Corn- ing, Rendville, Moxahala, New Lexington, and several interior ham- lets. Almost the sole use of the fuel is for heat and light.
The company makes a rate of 2U cents per thousand feet by meter. Where the meter is not used, the prices in winter are $2.00 per month for the first fire; $1.50 for the second; $1.00 for the third; 75 cents for the fourth, and all additional fires at the latter figure. In the summer a charge of $1.50 for each cooking fire is made. For lights the charges are 25 cents each for the first two and 15 cents for each additional one.
The number of customers supplied by this company in 1900 was approximately as follows:
Feb., 1901] Bownocker — The Corning Fields. 59'
Corning 300
Glouster -50
New Lexington 250
Shawnee 200
New Straitsville 150
Other places 350
Total 1500
In the Fall of 1899 the wells of the company produced 6,000,000 cubic feet per day, but during cold weather when the demand for fuel was great they dropped to 3,000,000 cubic feet, and the rock pressure which was 300 pounds in the Fall was only 200 during the •winter. On July 7th, 1900, the rock pressure of the wells in the Muddy Fork field ranged from 170 to 280 pounds, indicating a consid- erable drop from that of the preceding autumn. The company ex- pects to drill four additional wells during the ensuing fall (1900) in the Muddy Fork territory, and by so doing expects to keep three wells closed, and thus maintain a good rock pressure.
TWELVE ADDITIONS TO THE OHIO PLANT LIST.
W. A. Eellesman.
The species named below have not been reported in the Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants, in the First Annual Supplement, nor in “Additions to the Ohio Flora,” O. S. U. Naturalist, 1 : 15. The serial number prefixed to each name indicates where in the Fourth State Catalogue the species should be inserted. The first collector and locality are given for each of the listed specimens.
82a. Potamogeton nuttallii Cham. & Sclnv., Nuttall’s Pondweed. Donor’s Lake, Wayne County, Ohio (Reported byA.D. Selby before meeting of Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)
488a. Juncus dichotoma Ell. Forked Rush. Cuyahoga County. (Edo Claassen.)
647a. Betula alba pendula Hortorum. Pendulous White Birch.
Escaped; Painesville. (Otto Hacker.)
781a. Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. Escaped: Painesville. (Otto Hacker.)
936a. Erysimum repandum L. Logan County. (A. D. Selby in report before Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.) 1117a. Lespedeza angustifolia (Ph) L. (L. capitata var. angus- tifolia Ph.) Narrow-leaf Bush-clover. Fulton County. (A. D. Selby in report at meeting of Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)
60
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 4
1211a. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. Adams and Brown Counties. (W. A. Kellerman.)
1526a. Teucrium scorodonia L. European Germander. Escaped;
Painesville, Lake County. (Otto Hacker.)
1650a. Gerardia besseyana Britt. (G. tenuifolia var. macrophylla Benth.) Bessey’s Gerardia. Wooster. (J. W. T. Duvel; reported by A. D. Selby at meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)
1759a. Leontodon hastilis L. Dandelion. Escaped; Painesville, Lake County. (Otto Hacker.)
1766b. Lactuca saligna L. European Wild Lettuce. Dayton. (A. D. Selby.)
1777a. Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. Green’s Hawkweed. Wayne County. (Selby and Duvel; reported by A. D. Selby before meeting of Academy of Science, December 27, 1900.)
There were 2025 species reported in the Fourth State Catalogue (1899) for the State of Ohio. This number was supposed to be approx- imately correct, since those of previous lists were discarded which are known to have been erroneously identified or were unquestiona- bly beyond our range. In the First Annual Supplement sixty-nine additions were made, and in Additions to the Ohio'Flora, (O. S. U. Naturalist, 1:15) twenty-two more were recorded. Therefore those enumerated above bring our grand total to 2128 species of Pteri- dophytes and Spermatophytes.
A NEW SPECIES OF GOMPHUS AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES.
James S. Hine.
Gomphus viridifrons n. sp. Length of the abdomen about 33 mm., hind wing about 27 mm.; black, face and occiput greeu; prothorax with anterior margin and three spots green or yellow; thorax green with spaces at base of wings, lateral suture and six bands before black, the two middle bauds are abbreviated anteriorly and separated by the mid-dorsal cariua which is very feebly green. Abdomen black, a dorsal baud and sides of first two or three segments yellowish, a yellow spot at base of each of segments four to seven, and sides of eight and nine usually yellowish.
Abdominal appendages of the male straight, about as long as the tenth segment, from above, widest at base, gradually narrowed from apical third and acute at apex; from the side prominently widened at base, with a strong tooth beneath at two-thirds of the length. Hamules large, of nearly the same width for the whole length and •ending behind in a hooked process. Vulvar scale almost as long as
Feb., 1901]
Hine — A New Gomphus.
til
the ninth abdominal segment, gradually narrowed, apical third divided and the two parts divaricate.
Described from fourteen males and a female taken at Loudon- ville, Ohio, June 14, 1900; and a male and female taken at Ohio Pile, Pa. — the latter two specimens by E. B. Williamson.
The species averages larger than either brevis or abbreviatus and may be separated from the former readily by its green face, by the striking differences in the vulvar lamina and by the hamules and male appendages. In brevis the tooth on the appendage is nearer the end and the space from it to appex is noticeably curved while in viridifrons this space is practically straight.
It has more points in common with abbreviatus , but in that species the vulvar scale is short and triangular, the hamules are smaller and shorter, and the tooth on the superior appendage of the male is much farther from the apex.
Through the kindness of Dr. Calvert and Mr. Williamson I have at my disposal, specimens from which many of the accompanying drawings were made. Iu viridifrons , brevis and abbreviatus I have made drawings from different specimens of the same species to show- slight variations.
This is Gomphus sp. Williamson, Dragonflies of Indiana, 2&4.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOMPHUS FURCIFER AND VILLOSIPES.
James S. Hine.
It seems that nearly every author who has considered these two species has compared them. Considering general appearances they are much alike but can be separated easily by several details and as I have good material of both sexes of the two species before me, I thought it might be of consequence to consider in a comparative way some of their characteristics.
The occiput in both sexes of villosipes bears a prominent tooth at the middle of its upper edge. This tooth varies some in different specimens, it ends above in a single point or it may be widened and end above in three or more points. In furcifer there is no tooth on the occiput in either sex.
The vulvar scales are very different, iu villosipes the part may be said to be triangular with the free sides curved and the apical part divided for about half the length of the scale. In furcifer its basal part is similar but the apical part is produced, giving quite a different form. In the former species the scale is about one-third as long as the ninth segment, w-hile in the latter it is about three- ■eighths as long as that segment.
62
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 4
The abdominal appendages of the male are different. P'rom dorsal view those of furcifer are rectangular with the inner distal angle very much produced inward and backward; in villosipes they are wide at base, oblong, with the outer distal part broadly rounded and the corresponding inner part produced directly backward. The hamules are characteristic and maybe explained best by reference to the figures.
The two species are colored much alike but furcifer is darker- The tenth abdominal segment may be said to be yellow in both but in furcifer the sides of the segment are dark, oftentimes black.
They agree in habits, both preferring to fly over stagnant water where the males come to rest on floating objects or on the ground at the water’s edge. I have observed the female of furcifer ovipositing in stagnant water among lily pads and other aquatic plants. Her flight is slow while thus engaged, and her actions more like a Libel- lula than the usual Gomphus.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Gomphus villosipes— 1, dorsal view of male appendages ; 3, vul- var scale; 5 hamule; 7, occiput of female; 8, occiput of male.
Gomphus furcifer — 2, dorsal view of male appendages ; 4 hamule ; 6, vulvar scale; 9, occiput of male; 10, occiput of female.
Gomphus viridifrons — 11, 12, 13, dorsal view of male appendages — 13 from Pa., 11, 12 from Ohio; 14, 15, 16, hamules; 17,18, vulvar scales -18 from Pennsylvania, 17 from Ohio.
Gomphus brevis — 19, 20, 21, dorsal view of male appendages — specimens from Maine and Pennsylvania; 22, 23, 24, hamules; 25, 26, vulvar scales.
Gomphus abbreviates— 27, 28, 29, hamules; 30, 31, vulvar scales; 32, 33, 34, dorsal view of male appendagages — specimens all from Maine.
Ohio Naturalist.
Plate 5.
HINE — GOMPHINE STUDIES.
Feb., 1901]
Kellerman — Botanical Literature.
63
NOTES FROM BOTANICAL LITERATURE.
W. A. Kellerman.
A very interesting Bulletin of eight pages on the Chrysanthemum Rust has been issued by J . C. Arthur, botanist of the Indiana Agri- cultural Experiment Station. It is No. 85, and is dated October, 1900. Dr. Arthur gives a general account of Uredineae or Rusts, explaining that the typical forms have three prominent sets of spores, namely (1) aecidiospores, usually red or orange in little white cups, (2) uredospores, generally of a rusty yellow color and abundant (hence the group name, Rusts), and (8) teleutospores, or the Winter spores, usually dark brown or black. He further states that only uredospores have yet been found in Europe and America, and since the fungus is an annual, it is puzzling to see how it escapes extermi- nation'in winter and spring when Chrysanthemum plants are latent.
The] assumption that this was the well known and common Puccinia hieracii or Puccinia tanaceti he proves to be incorrect by inoculation experiments. Uredospores from Chrysanthemums he sowed on Chrysanthemums and obtained a crop of uredospores. Similar uredospores sowed on Dandelion, Burdock, and Ox-eye Daisy produced no infection ; uredospores from the latter hosts sown on Chrysanthemum likewise produced no infection. Uredospores from Dandelion sown on Dandelion produced uredospores. Others have tried similar experiments, using Tansy, Costmary, Orange Hawkweed, Giant Daisy, and Marguerite, besides the host plants named above, but the Chrysanthemum Rust refuses to grow on any of them. This Rust, which is common and well known on the Chrysanthemum in Japan, has been named Puccinia chrysanthemi by Rose.
Disconnection with suggestions relative to combating the disease, Dr. Arthur says that “so long as the teleutospores do not make an appearance in this country, the careful cultivator may feel assured that a moderate amount of timely effort will enable him to rid his establishment of the Rust, if he is so unfortunate as to have it donatedlto himjby some careless florist. Observations made by the writer and others show that the tendency is for the disease to dis- appear of itself, to run its course in an establishment and die out, which is very likely to some extent due to the absence of teleuto- spores.”
Bryology. — Mrs. Britton’s popular articles on the Mosses and how to study them, that have appeared from time to time, furnished the directions and incentive to many who before had taken little or no interest in this group of plants. Her purpose and plan are imi- tated and extended in a charming little book, that has been prepared
64
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 4
and published by Dr. A. J. Grout, of the Boys’ High School, Brook- lyn, New York, called “Mosses with a Hand-Lens.” The author says that many years of study of Mosses in the field and in Herbaria have convinced him that “any person of average intelligence can ■easily learn to recognize seventy to one hundred common mosses, with the aid of a hand-lens of ten to fifteen diameters magnifying power.”
I have Dr. Grout’s permission to reproduce two illustrations, which represent fairly that phase of his valuable book. Figure 9 shows Ceratodon purpureus L , and the text pertaining to the same is as follows : “ Ceratodon is one of the commonest of all •our mosses. It is found on the •edges of paths, roofs of old buildings, sand by the seashore, and in general any barren com- pact soil is its favorite habitat.
The plants are short and grow close together, forming dense thin mats of dark green. The lance-like young sporophytes appear early in spring as soon as the snow is melted. By the middle of summer the capsules often decay beyond recognition, and the seta breaks from the plant at the touch.
Unless one has become very familiar with Ceratodon it is not al- ways easy to recognize it without mature capsules. When the cap- sules have fully matured they shrink when dry and become furrow- ed. This peculiar furrowing, the dark rich color of the capsules, a color called purple by the older botanists, but which is really a very dark chestnut or red-brown, make it easy to recognize this species.”
Plate II. shows the Hair-cap Mosses, Polytrichum, the largest of all our species. There are four common species all having square capsules which character distinguishes them from Pogonatums, the latter having cylindric capsules. “The Ohio Hair-cap without the sporophyte (seta and capsule, commonly called fruit) is not readily distinguished from the Common, as the leaves and general appear- ance are very similar. But with the sporophyte present, the dis- tinctions are clear. In figs, b and d (Plate II.) note that the capsule of the Common Hair-cap is almost cubical, that the lid has a very short beak, and that the capsule is entirely covered by the calyptra. The capsule of the Ohio Hair-cap (e) is elongated, slender with a tapering neck, and with a much longer beak to the lid. The lid and the calyptra of the Ohio Hair-cap fall early in June, very soon after the spores are ripe, and it is not a lways easy to find either in position, but if the calyptra be found, it will be seen to cover the upper portion of the capsule only. The Common Hair-cap, although occurring in woods, is most common in open fields; the Ohio Hair-cap being
Feb., 1901]
Kellerman — Botanical Literature.
65
Plate II., Polytrichum or Hair-cap Moss.
Figs, a (dry), b (moist), c (leaf), d (capsule) and f are P. commune; Fig. e, capsule of P. ohioense;
Figs* g, h and p, P. piliferum;
Figs, o and o’, P. juniperinum.
66
Ohio Naturalist.
[ Vol. 1, No. 4
most frequent in shady, more moist spots, often in deep woods. The remaining two species are easily distinguished from the two men- tioned above by the margins of the leaves, which are thin and mem- branaceous, and are folded in over the central portion of the leaf, as illustrated in o, o’ and p.”
I can not too strongly commend “Mosses with a Hand-Lens” (price $1.10) prepared with the purpose of giving “by drawings and descriptions the information necessary to enable any one interested to become acquainted with the more common mosses with the least possible outlay of time, patience and money.” The book contains a key to the genera based mainly on structural characters and one mainly on habitat, also many keys under the genera; copious illus- trations, clear and accurate on almost every page of the text and eight full-page plates from drawings by Mary V. Thayer; and an il- lustrated glossary of bryological terms.
MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB.
The Biological Club met in Zoological lecture room December 3, 1900. Prof. Herbert Osborn presided, twenty-six members present. The following papers were presented :
“ Notes on the Saw Brier, and a Rhanmus new to Ohio.”
“The Waverly Series of Ohio.”
In the first paper Prof. Kellerman spoke of the distribution of tire Saw-Brier, Smilax glauca , in the southern part of the State, and exhibited specimens showing its striking variations in form of leaves.
The southern buckthorne, Rhamnus caroliniana , was observed commonly in Adams County. It also occurs in Brown County. This is the first record for this species in Ohio. Specimens in fruit were exhibited.
A hackberry was found unlike any form hitherto reported from Ohio. Specimens are in the hands of Rev. E. J. Hill for study and determination.
Prof. Ball reported leaf variation as occurring commonly in Colo- rado, and that various leaf forms could be observed in climbing a single hill.
Prof. Prosser, in the second paper, reviewed the literature that has been published on the Waverly Series of Ohio, and as a summing up gave a list of names with authorities to be used in future in speaking of the formations of this series. These are as follows:
Beginning above the Huron Shale. 1. Bedford Shale (Newb.) 85 feet. 2. Berea Grit (Newb.) 40 feet. 3. Sunbury Shale (Hicks) 10-15 feet. 4. Cuyahoga Shale (Newb.) 275-300 feet. 5. Black Hand Conglomerate (Hicks) 40-100 feet. 6. Logan Sandstone (Andrews) 115 feet.
Under the head of personal observations, Prof. Schaffner gave a list of trees and shrubs which he and F. J. Tyler had found cutting off (self-pruning) their own branches.
Prof. Kellerman remarked upon the abundance of the red- seeded dandelion in various parts of the state.
Walter Metz, J. A. Beer, H. A. Clark, Charles 1. Meade, Miss Elizabeth Sessions, Miss L. D. Wilson, W. P. Simpson, Mrs. J. H. Schaffner, B. B. Wells, Mrs. E. D. Ball, J. N. Frank, A. G. McCall, Miss Carrie R. Weick, A. C. Whitmore, Miss Caroline Meade and Miss Maud Flynn were elected to membership.
Professors Prosser, Landacre and Mr. Griggs were appointed a committee to locate board and lodging for members of the Ohio Academy of Science. Adjourned. Jas. S. Hine, Secretary.
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Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit.
By W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Ohio State University.
A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily.
Price reduced from 25 cents to.. lO cents.
Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants.
Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 cents*
Gives list of scientific and common names; distribution by counties.
Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply.
For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address
W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio
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V riOX^
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Exoha^c
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THE OHIO
naturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M„ M. S.
Associate Editors:
Zoology— F. L. LANDACRE, B Sc. Botany— F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology—). A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology — W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. Ornithology — R. F. GRIGGS.
Advisory Board :
PROFESSOR ,W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany.
PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc.
Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology.
Volume I.
March, 1901
Number 5
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PRESS OF HANN A ADAIR
A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents.
John H. Schaffner, Editor.
F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions.
R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent.
THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
THE OHIO NATURALIST
CONTENTS
Perennial Tumbleweeds 67
John H. Schaffner
The Sprouting of Cocklebur Seeds 69
JS. E. Master man
Plant Remains from the Baum Village Site 70
w. c. Mills
Sprouting Flower Buds’of Opuntia ‘71
V. Sterki
Note on the Involucral Leaves of Syndesmon 72
F. H. Burglehaus
Competition in Botany for Ohio Schools 72
TV. A ■ Kellerman
Minor Plant Notes No. 2 76
W. A. Kellerman .
Meeting of the Biological Club 78
James S. Uine, Sec.
Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter.
Cfye (Dfyio Ztaturalist
PUBLISHED BY
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Yol. J. MARCH, 1901 No. 5
PERENNIAL TUMBLEWEEDS.
John H. Schaffner.
Tumbleweeds may be classified under three general heads: Annual tumbleweeds,
Tumble-grasses,
Perennial tumbleweeds.
The annual tumbleweeds are mostly plants with a small root system which shrivels up or rots away soon after the seed has matured. The plants are then easily torn from the ground or broken off and go tumbling away before the wind. In some cases the roots become quite fleshy and brittle. In the tumble-grasses the panicle is generally the only part which is transported, the stems of the panicle being usually very brittle and breaking readily even in those forms which are easily torn up from the roots.
Fig. 1. Psoralea floribunda. Plant growing on prairie. Clay Co., Kan.
68
Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 5
Fig 2 Plant of P floribund, showing a partof the deep taproot.
The perennial tumbleweeds are especially interesting be- cause of the way in which they are separated from the under- ground parts. Among the pe- rennial forms Psoralea flori- bunda is one of the most typical. It is a longlived, perennial crown-former with a very deep root which may be several inches in diameter. From the short terminal stem of this root a number of aerial branches are developed annu- ally. These branches take on a more or less globose or balloon- shaped form. At the base of each aerial stem a number of special joints are formed in which transverse cleavage regions are gradually devel- oped, and when the seed is
ripe the whole crown breaks off at these joints with remarkable ease. This is a pe- culiar case of the development of a self- pruning process in the stem for a very special purpose.
Psoralea argophylla also develops perfect joints but fewer shoots usually make up the crown and it is therefore less conspicuous than P. floribunda. Psoralea esculenta is also a tumbleweed but the writer has not made an examination of the way in which it sep- arates from the thick, tuberous, perennial root.
Psoralea floribunda is very abundant in north-central Kansas where the writer has seen great masses heaped up against hedge- rows and wire fences. These plants show a most remarkable responsive adaption to an environment of very definite conditions. They have developed nearly every character possible in harmony with the dry and windy plains of the west and may be regarded as ideal prairie plants.
Fig. 3. (a) Base of a stem of P. floribunda with two cleav- age joints. (b) Base of stem showing cleavage surface.
Mar., 1901]
Masterman — Cocklebur Seeds.
69
THE SPROUTING OF COCKLEBUR SEEDS.
E. E. Masterman.
In July, 1896, Dr. E. W. Claypole, then of Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, asked me how general was the belief that one seed of the coc- klebur grew one year and the other the next year or later. Inquiry of about twenty of the older residents resulted in procuring no in- formation touching the same. In 1897, I was told by a German farmer that one seed only grew one year and the other later, never both at the same time. A short time after I noticed the statement of A. D Selby in Bulletin 83, (page 353) Ohio Experiment Station, as follows: “Prof. Arthur has recently shown that only one of these
seeds can be caused to germinate the first year, the other always re- maining until the second year.” This was a confirmation of the German’s claim, yet I determind to investigate for myself.
I carried on the experiment for three years with the following results :
In 1898, I planted 1000 burs; 917 grew two plants to the bur.
In 1899, I planted 1000 burs ; 921 grew two plants to the bur.
In 1900, I planted 1000 burs; 913 grew two plants to the bur.
Total three years, 3000 burs; 2751 grew two plants to the bur.
Of the remaining 249 burs some grew one plant, some none ; some had one, some had two apparently sound seeds. I regret that no further notice was taken of these seeds. The only object was to de- termine whether the two seeds could be made to grow at the same time. An account of the work was sent to Professor Selby, asking whether further experiment was necessary; he replied that he thought not.
Perhaps it should be added that I selected only apparently sound burs; soil was taken from a field near a creek where cockleburs grow abundantly. It was passed through a % inch-mesh wire sieve, and carefully searched over with the aid of a glass. This soil was taken to a distant part of the farm ; in it the seeds were planted and nature did the rest.
I also made observations as follows : I searched among speci- mens growing for a mile along a creek, for two plants growing together and not nearer than five inches to any other plant. Of the 1500 specimens examined each year for three years, two plants always grew from one bur.
Why have I obtained such opposite results as compared with Professor Arthur’s? Can it be referred to locality, soil, or some other more favorable conditions?
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Ohio Naturalist.
[Vol. 1, No. 5
The substance of the above was presented, December 27, 1900, to the Ohio Academy of Science and it provoked a discussion in which Professors Kellerman, Schaffner, Mosely and others participated. Dr. Kellerman thought that the results of Arthur’s experiments were perhaps more nearly in accord with what usually takes place in na- ture. He pointed out the mistake of quoting or saying that Arthur has shown “that only one of the seeds can be caused to germinate the first year.” Turning to the printed report of the experiments in question (Proc. 16th, An. Meeting Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1895), I find that, based on many experiments made previous to 1895, he gives the result in round numbers as follows: “Out of every hundred or-
dinarily well formed cockleburs, seventy will produce one seedling each, and five two seedlings each the first year after maturity; the remaining twenty- five will for various reasons fail to grow. Thirty of the hundred will produce seedlings the second year after matur- ity, five will produce seedlings the third year after maturity, and two or three seedlings will be produced in subsequent years.
Later experiments by Dr. Arthur seemed to show a lower per- centage of cases of the sprouting of both seeds to the bur in one sea- son. In the summary he states: “The germination of both seeds of a bur of Xauthium in one season is exceptional.”
In view of the above and in accordance with the suggestions of others I purpose continuing my experiments relative to this subject.
The following interesting statement is made by Dr. Arthur, in the report cited, touching the cause of the difference in the action of the two seeds; he says it “appears to be constitutional; a heredi- tary character residing in the protoplasm of the embryo.”
New London , Ohio.
PLANT REMAINS FROM THE BAUM VILLAGE SITE.
W. C. Mills.
During the year 1900 the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society procured from the ash pits of the Baum Village Site, situated near Bournville, Ross county, Ohio, a number of grains and seeds, which were submitted to Prof. J. H. Schaffner for identification. The following is the list :
Corn, Zea mays L.
Great quanities of the eight rowed variety were found. The cobs were usually about one-half inch in diameter. Also a variety with more than eight rows, usually ten rows was found. This variety had a much thicker cob. The grains and cob were in a good state of preservation, having been charred. In several instances the charred remains of a woven fabric were found intermingled with the cobs and grains, showing that the corn had evidently been wrapped in
Mar., 1901]
Mills — Plant Remains.
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this cloth. In other instances the grains and cobs were found in large pieces of broken pottery and were well preserved. Finding the corn in so many of the pits shows that it largely supplied the food of the camp.
Quantities of charred papaw seeds, Asimina triloba, (L.) Dunal, and the wild Hazelnut, Corylus americana Walt, were found in a number of pits showing that these were largely used for food.
Quite a quantity of the seeds of the wild red plum, Prunus ameri- cana Marsh, was also taken from the pits. These were, in a number of instances, associated with papaw seeds and the shells of the chestnut, Castanea dentata ( Marsh.) Borkh.
Great quantities of the broken shells of the butternut, Juglans cinerea L. and the black walnut, Juglans nigra L. were discov- ered. These were usually found associated together, but in several instances they were found separated, the butternuts being more abundant than the walnuts.
Three species of hickory nuts were procured but none of these were in such quantities as the butternut and black walnut. The three species found were as follows: Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt., Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt., Hicoria laciniosa (Mx.) Britt.
Several specimens of beans, Phaseolus (sp) and also a specimen of the grape, Vitis (sp.) were found in the material, but it was not possible to tell whether the beans were one of our wild species or cultivated.
SPROUTING FLOWER BUDS OF OPUNTIA.
Dr. V. Sterki.
In June of last year I took some Opuntia plants home, and also some top joints heavily set with large buds. The former were planted in the garden, the latter set in an Oleander tub. When, after a month, none of the flower buds had opened, it was thought that they were too many, as the joints bearing them were without roots, and most of them were cut off and left lying on the ground, where a part of them , later on became partly or entirely covered with soil. In September, I was surprised to find them all green and fresh; most of them had rooted, and a few even sprouted, sending up shoots from half an inch to over